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Application Notes & Technical Papers - #2

Click to visit the Applied Wave Research websitePlease click here to visit the Colby Instruments website.Please click here to visit the Dow-Key websitePlease click here to visit the Innovative Power Products websitePlease click here to visit the Linx Technologies website.
Please click here to visit the NoiseWave websiteClick here to visit the Polyphase Microwave websitePlease click here to visit the Proycon PCB websitePlease click here to visit the Radiotronix websitePlease click here to visit the RF Dude Consulting website

These application notes on vendor sites are some of the fastest moving targets on the web. If you try to hit one of the links and it is gone, please make an attempt to determine the new URL and notify me. Thank you. Due to how large the original page has grown, multiple pages are now used.

Page 1: Absorbers - Interference   |   Page 2: LEDs - ZigBee
Application Notes & Technical Papers by Company / Source Name
LEDs & LCDs

LED Notes

By Data Display Products.

LED Design Guides

Tech Notes on laser diodes, LCD displays & modules, color & light, gas tubes, miniature & subminiature incandescent lamps, and solid state lamps, by The LED Light.

LED Theory

By Lumex.

Lightning Protection

Lightning Damage Minimization
on Satellite Antennas

Communications Design magazine article, Jan 2006

Mixers / Modulators

Mixers & Oscillators

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Quadrature Modulators

By RF Micro Devices.

Mixers, Image Rejection & SSB

Image-Reject and Single-Sideband Mixers by Watkins Johnson.

Mixers in a System Part 1, 2

Mixers in Microwave Systems by Watkins Johnson.

Mixer Spurious Products

A Graphical Approach To Mixer Spurious Analysis by Kirt Blattenberger.

Modulation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

White paper by Mark Elo, Marketing Director of RF Products, Keithley Instruments. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of digital modulation used in a wide array of communications systems. This paper will explain what OFDM is, why it’s important, where it’s used, and what test instrumentation is required to maintain it.

Unraveling Modulation Quality in Mobile WiMAX™ Uplink and Downlink with Multiple Zones and Bursts

White paper By: VISWANATHAN GANESAN WiMAX Application Engineer, Agilent Technologies. This article delves into the complexities associated with digital demodulation of Mobile WiMAX uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) signals. It covers the modulation quality measurement required for Mobile WiMAX transmitters and provides a recommendation of the best tools to use for developing Mobile WiMAX products.

Modulation Techniques for Low-Cost RF Data Links

In radio frequency applications there are many techniques to choose from. Some, such as Carrier-Present Carrier-Absent (CPCA), are very simple and inexpensive to implement, while others, such Gaussian Minimized Shift Keying (GMSK), allow for very efficient use of bandwidth at high data rates. Other modulation techniques include Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Quadrature Modulation, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). By Linx Technologies.

Motors

Motors

Motor control articles, advice, technical information, forum.

Multipath Fading Phenomena

Understanding Terrestrial Multipath Fading Phenomena  by Microwaves & RF.

National Instruments Communications
Tutorial Series

Multipath, channel fading, noise, signal diversity, pulse shaping to improve spectral efficiency, OFDM, FDM, CDM, TDM.

Network Analyzers
Understanding the Fundamental Principles of Vector Network Analysis

by Agilent

Noise

Noise Analysis of Microwave Systems

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Noise Basics

A layman's explanation of noise - without all the mathematics, although references are provided. By Microwaves Laboratory

Understanding Noise Figures
in Radio Receivers

Feature story from the CommsDesign website

Noise & Interference Primer

EMC mitigation

Noise, Receiver Equation

The Receiver Noise Equation: A Method for System Level Design of an RF Receiver - Technical Feature by Microwave Journal.

Noise Figure

Spectrum Analyzer Measurements and Noise application note by Agilent Technologies.

Noise Figure Cascade

Simulating the Cascaded Noise Figure of a Receiver using the 32-bit version of SystemView by ELANIX.

Noise Figure, Relating to Real World

Relating Cascaded Noise Figures to Realworld Performance, by By Rulon VanDyke, Eagleware Corp.

Noise Figure Uncertainty

Calculate The Uncertainty Of NF Measurements, by Duncan Boyd, Hewlett-Packard Co.

Noise in Communications Systems

Tutorial by National Instruments covering mathematical models.

Optoelectronics

By Perkin Elmer.

Passive Component Models

Understanding Basic Analog - Passive Devices, by Texas Instruments.

PCB Design Guide High Freq. Connectors

Engineering High Frequency Applications at the Board Level Using RF Connectors, by Trompeter.

PCB Layout Guide for RF/Microwave

RF/Microwave PC Board Design and Layout, by Rick Hartley, L-3 Avionics Systems.

PCB Partitioning and Layout, Mixed-Signal

Partitioning and Layout of a Mixed-Signal PCB, by Henry W. Ott.

Phase Detectors, Using Mixers As

By Watkins Johnson.

Oscilloscopes
Oscilloscope Fundamentals - Agilent App Note 1606

 

Phase Noise & Jitter

Phase Noise

Phase Noise Reference, by Applied Radio Labs.

Phase Noise

By Vectron International.

Phase Noise Measurements & Jitter Analysis

The Agilent JS-1000 Performance Jitter Solution is a Phase Noise System that measures clock jitter characteristics

Phase Noise Prediction

Accurate Phase Noise Prediction in PLL Synthesizers, by Lance Lascari.

Measuring Jitter in Digital Systems

Agilent App Note 1448-1

Phase Shifters

Phase Shifters

Phase Shifters/Frequency Translators by Herley.

Piezoelectric Devices

Piezoelectric Device Usage

Designing with Piezoelectric Devices by Eagleware.

Power Meters & Monitors

Power Meters and Monitors

From Narda Microwave East.

Power Splitters / Combiners

Power Dividers

From Narda Microwave East.

Power Dividers & Directional Couplers

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Power Dividers as Combiners

Why most power dividers are not suitable for combining, from MECA Electronics.

Power Splitter/Combiner

Power Dividers/Combiners, by M/A-COM.

Power Splitter/Combiner

Power Dividers and Combiners, by Synergy Microwave.

Reactive Splitters

Basic introduction, common applications and information on why reactive splitters should not be used in combining applications, from MECA Electronics.

Radar

Radar Cross-section

Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook

Radar Horizon

Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook.

Radar Simulations in MATLAB

Comprehensive set of *.m files and function, including GUI, to calculate and plot Radar design and analysis issues. This include, the radar equation, radar waveform analysis, pulse compression, matched filter, stretch processing, HRR, phased arrays, Kalaman filter, MTI, clutter analysis, Swerling models and Pd calculations, PRN and Barker codes, SAR, etc.

Radiation / Field Measurement

Field Strength to Power Conversion

RF Micro Devices.

Radiation Hazard Measuring Systems

By Herley.

Receiver Design

Radio Design 101

Basics of Designing a Digital Radio Receiver (Radio 101), Brad Brannon, Analog Devices.

Receiver Design

Understanding and Enhancing Sensitivity in Receivers for Wireless Applications, by Texas Instruments.

Direct Conversion Receivers

By Skyworks.

Link Calculations: Optimization Part II

Optimizing Link Performance, Cost and Interchangeability by Predicting Residual BER, by Microwave Journal.

Receiver Design, Direct Conversion

A tutorial by Microwave Journal.

Receiver Design

By Watkins Johnson.

Receiver Design for Pulsed Signals Part 1, 2

By Watkins Johnson.

Receiver Dynamic Range, Part 1, 2

By Watkins Johnson.

Regulators

Linear Regulators in Portable Applications

Application note from Maxim Integrated Products.

Low Resistance Measurement Errors

The 2-wire versus 4-wire (Kelvin connection) debate, including the offset-compensated ohms method, by QuadTech.

Maxwell's Equations Presentation

Another great PowerPoint presentation from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, by Professor Amanogawa.

MEMs: Part I, Part II

MEMS for RF/Microwave Wireless Applications: The Next Wave - Tutorial by Microwave Journal.

A Microstrip Edge-Fed Patch Antenna with Inset Feed

Application note from Sonnet.

Millimeter Wave Components

18-40 GHz by Herley.

Resonant Circuits:
Oscillators, Synthesizers, VCOs

Crystal Oscillator Circuit Design

A good transistor-level design tutorial - many topologies, 33 pages. By AXAL.

Crystal Oscillator Model

Simulation of crystals and resonators

Dielectric Resonators, Introduction

By Trans-Tech.

Dielectric Resonators, Thermal Coefficients

By Trans-Tech.

Free Running Oscillators

From Narda Microwave East.

Oscillators

Oscillators application notes by Herley.

Oscillators & Mixers

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Oscillator Design Basics

A collection of RF oscillator design notes, including a fresh look at the correct application of Leeson's equation as it applies to feedback.

Quartz Crystal Oscillators Tutorial

The mother of all quartz crystal oscillator tutorials - 287 pages, courtesy of the U.S. Army

Resonant Circuits

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Synthesizer Design

By Synergy Microwave.

Synthesizer, Fractional-N

By Skyworks.

Tank Circuits

By RF Micro Devices.

Understanding Synthesizer Designs & Specifications

From Spinnaker Microwave.

Understanding VCO Specifications

This will help to specify your microwave source. From Spinnaker Microwave.

VCO - Differential Design

By Skyworks.

VCO - Low Phase Noise Design

By Skyworks.

VCO Modeling & Simulation in WinSPICE3

Application note compliments of Silicon Devices (UK) Limited

VCO Soldering Notes

Guidelines from Spinnaker Microwave.

VCO/Synthesizer Basics

Oscillator Basics and Low-Noise Techniques for Microwave Oscillators & VCOs, by Synergy Microwave.

RF Basics

RF 101 Information for the RF Challenged

This application note goes to great lengths to remove the mysteries of RF. Please don't mistake the ease with which you may grasp these basic principals for the effort required to actually execute an RF design. Nooo, noooo, kiddies, don't try this at home. At least not if your job’s on the line. The science of RF is unlike any other area of discipline in electronics. By Linx Technologies.

RFID
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Overview

This technical brief focuses on RFID automatic identification technologies which utilize low-power, short-range wireless communications technology to provide radically enhanced data handling capabilities. By Tektronix.

RFID Online Tutorial

myTek course - requires login.

RF System Planning:
Cascade Analysis - Gain, NF, IP3, IP2,
P1dB, Intermods

FCC Part 15 Rules

From the ARRL site.

Path Loss Model

UWB Channel Measurements and Modeling for DARPA NETEX, by Virginia Tech.

Half-IF (2x2 product)

By Maxim.

IM3 Frequency Prediction for any Number of Tones

By Chris Arnott, RF Micro Devices.

FM Broadcast RF Systems

A collection of technical papers and data about FM broadcast antenna and transmitter systems, by Richard Fry.

Prototyping Techniques, RF

RF Prototyping Techniques, by Christian Bourde, Jeff Fuller & Steve Long, University of San Diego, CA.

Intercept Points & Receiver Sensitivity

By Maxim.

RF/Microwave Theory Files

Many brief tutorials that include equations.

RF Design Manual

This is a really handy PDF file by Philips Semiconductors with all sorts of good RF basics stuff, from VSWR and S-parameters to the Smith Chart and antennas. Its 83 pages are packed with good explanations and design equations. Of course, all the examples use Philips parts.

Point-to-Point Site Planning Guide

This guide includes RF path planning, site preparation, and installation of outdoor components such as outdoor units, antennas, lightning protection devices, and cabling suitable for outdoor conditions. Usually, you also need to investigate the zoning laws as well as FCC and FAA regulations. By Cisco.

Architecting Next-Generation
Wireless Networks

By Broadcom.

SHF Communication Technologies

Application notes in Adobe Acrobat format.

RF System Design

Receiver budget analysis, by Peter Kinget, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies

Sampling Theory

See A/D & D/A Converters

Semiconductors:
Diodes, Transistors, BJTs, FETs

Diodes

The Unusual Diode FAQ, by Avtech.

Microwave Integrated Circuits / Multifunction Assemblies (MIC and MFA)

From Narda Microwave East.

PIN Diodes

Design With PIN Diodes by Skyworks.

PIN Diodes

Design With PIN Diodes by Gerald Hiller, M/A-Com.

RF Transistor Small Signal Design

By M/A-COM.

Step Recovery Diode Modeling

Nonlinear Modeling of Step Recovery Diodes Using Verilog-A frequency multipliers by Eagleware.

FET Design Guide

By M/A-COM.

Shielding
Shielding

ITEM Publications.

Shielding & Guarding

By Analog Devices.

Signal Generators

SG-5000A Signal Generator User Manual

Colby Instruments SG-5000A Signal Generator User Manual

Signal Generator (Source) Basics

By Agilent Technologies.

Signal Generator Spectral Purity

By Agilent Technologies.

Simulation

Simulation Techniques

By Designers-Guide.

Smith Chart - Impedance Matching

Smith Chart

Here is a long list of great application notes and presentation for the Smith Chart.

Smith Chart for Excel

By Kirt Blattenberger.

Impedance Matching

Impedance Matching Techniques for Mixers and Detectors, by Agilent Technologies.

Mysteries of the Smith Chart

Transmission lines, impedance matching, and little known facts, by Stephen D. Stearns, K6OIK

Impedance Matching - Smith Chart

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Smith Chart Tutorial

This is one of the nicest presentations I have seen. PowerPoint presentation from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, by Professor Amanogawa.

Software / Modeling

Component Model Building
for first-Pass Results

Modelithics paper on creating accurate component models based on substrate parameters, using both vendor parameters and measured results.

Soldering

Soldering Tip

By Kirt Blattenberger.

S-Parameters

S-Parameter Design

By Agilent Technologies.

S-Parameter Design
for Faster, More Accurate Network Design

Application Note 95-1, by Agilent Technologies

S-Parameters

By Test & Measurement World.

S-Parameters of PCB Interconnects
(Correctly Correlating)

By Tan Tran, Intel, and Donald Telian, Cadence

Spectrum Analysis

Fundamentals of Real-Time Spectrum Analysis

A 42-page tutorial by Tektronix. Given the challenge of characterizing the behavior of today’s RF devices, it is necessary to understand how frequency, amplitude, and modulation parameters behave over short and long periods of time. In these cases, using traditional tools like swept spectrum analyzers (SA) and vector signal analyzers (VSA) might provide snapshots of the signal in the frequency domain and the modulation domain, but this is often not enough information to confidently describe the dynamic RF signals produced by the device.

Spectrum Analyzer Accuracy

By Agilent Technologies.

Using Spectrum Analyzers for Audio Amplifier Design

Application note from Pico Technology.

SpecAn App Note

A Simple Scalar Network Analyzer System Automated With TESTLINK, by Eagleware.

Spectrum Analyzer Speed

By Agilent Technologies.

Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum & CDMA Theory

Spread spectrum systems & theory, PN codes & generators, correlation & correlators, PN synchronization, PN acquisition, PN tracking modulation (GMSK, MSK, ...), multipath fading. By New Wave Instruments.

Switches
Coaxial Electromechanical Switches

How Operating Life and Repeatability of Agilent’s Electromechanical Switches Minimize System Uncertainty

Solid State Switch Products

From Nara Microwave East.

Switch Drivers (PIN, FET)

Drivers for GaAs FET Switches and Digital Attenuators, by M/A-COM.

Switching Power Supply Inductor Selection

By Chris Likely, Cooper Electronic Technologies, Power Electronics Technology magazine.

Switch, PIN Diode T/R

By Skyworks.

Switches

By Herley.

Substrates / PCBs
Microstrip, Stripline, Suspended, Vias

Striplines, Suspended

Reviewing the Basics of Suspended Striplines tutorial by Microwave Journal.

Substrates - Via Analysis

In time domain, by Microwave Journal.

Flip-Chip Tutorials

FlipChip.com - New tutorials are posted monthly, except in August, compliments of George A. Riley, PhD, "Dr. Flip Chip." More than 60 currently available.

Power Plane & Ground Design for RF PCBs

Power supply and ground design for WiFi transceiver, by By Roger Bremer, Tracey Chavers, Zhongmin Yu, RF Design magazine.

Synthesizers

See Resonant Circuits

Terminations

Terminations

From Narda Microwave East.

Thermal Analyzer

Thermal Analysis

Power System Thermal Design by Artesyn.

Thermal Analysis

By L.A. AFB Systems Engineering.

Time and Frequency Domains

A nicely done brief tutorial by Gary Breed, editor of High Frequency Electronics magazine.

Thermocouples

Introduction to Thermocouples - app note by Dataforth Corp.

Practical Thermocouple Temperature Measurements - app  note by Dataforth Corp.

Transformers

Signal Transformers

Signal Transformer Application and Specification, by CoilCraft.

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines

By Agilent.

Transmission Lines

Waves and Impedances, from University of San Diego, CA.

Transmission Lines Primer

By the Radio Electronics School, by Ron Bertrand

Transmission Lines, Principles of

An online tutorial provided by Integrated Publishing website

Transmission Lines & Waveguides

Very informative presentation from the National Taiwan University (in English)

Transponders

Bulk Transponders -
Their Design and Development

By Cornell Drentea

When driving through the LAX airport tunnel, a long wire is visible hanging on its walls. ...intended for re-broadcasting local AM and FM radio stations inside the tunnel, all at the same time. Without it, normal AM and FM broadcast reception in the tunnel would be impossible.

UMTS / WCDMA Design
A series of design and testing notes by Tektronix
Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar
Part I, Part II

History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar, by Microwave Journal.

Voltage Regulators

Voltage Regulator Handbook

By ON Semiconductor.

Waveguide

Waveguide

Design aids by Continental Microwave.

Waveguide

From Narda Microwave East.

Waveguide, Parallel Plate

Presentation from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, by Professor Amanogawa.

Waveguide Theory

This is a very good basics course on waveguide theory - from the Fast Neutron Research Facility

Waveguide Tuning

By Gerling Applied Engineering.

WCDMA / CDMA

CDMA2000 Design & Performance
Requirements

February 2005 RF Design magazine, by Bill Schofield and Brad Brannon

CDMA & Spread Spectrum Theory

Spread spectrum systems & theory, PN codes & generators, correlation & correlators, PN synchronization, PN acquisition, PN tracking modulation (GMSK, MSK, ...), multipath fading. By New Wave Instruments.

Cross-Modulation (CDMA)

By Samsung.

Wire Bonding

Wire Bonding

By Mike Greenelsh, California Fine Wire.

Wireless Networks & Systems

GSM

Overview from the UK.

GMSK

A nice explanation, from University of Hull.

Wireless Networking for Home Automation

System strategy and implementation whitepaper featuring the Z-Wave RF module, by Zensys A/S, Denmark

WiMAX Spectrum Utilization White Paper

By Fujitsu.

Unraveling Modulation Quality in Mobile WiMAX™ Uplink and Downlink with Multiple Zones and Bursts

White paper By: VISWANATHAN GANESAN WiMAX Application Engineer, Agilent Technologies. This article delves into the complexities associated with digital demodulation of Mobile WiMAX uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) signals. It covers the modulation quality measurement required for Mobile WiMAX transmitters and provides a recommendation of the best tools to use for developing Mobile WiMAX products.

Wireless & Telecom

By Texas Instruments.

ZigBee

Coexistence of ZigBee & WiFi

This application note discusses how to avoid RF interference when deploying WiFi and IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee radios simultaneously or in close proximity.

ZigBee Applications for Developers

FlexiPanel makes a lot of turnkey modules for ZigBee and Bluetooth applications.

Zigbee Transceiver

RF Design article by Khanh Tuan Le.

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