Module 13 - Introduction to Number Systems and Logic
Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)
Chapter 1:  Pages 1-41 through 1-50

Module 13 − Introduction to Number Systems and Logic

Pages i, 1−1, 1−11, 1−21, 1−31, 1−41, 1−51, 1−61, 2−12−11, 2−21, 2−31, 3−1, 3−11, 3−21, 3−31, 3−41, Index

 

 

Step 3 - Rewrite the solution from MSD to LSD:

 

101112

 

No matter how large the decimal number may be, we use the same procedure. Let's try the problem below. It has a larger dividend:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

We can convert fractional decimal numbers by multiplying the fraction by the radix and extracting the portion of the product to the left of the radix point. Continue to multiply the fractional portion of the previous product until the desired degree of accuracy is attained.

 

 

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Let's go through this process and convert 0.2510  to its binary equivalent:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

The first figure to the left of the radix point is the MSD, and the last figure of the computation is the LSD. Rewrite the solution from MSD to LSD preceded by the radix point as shown:

 

.012

 

Now try converting .62510  to binary:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

As we mentioned before, you should continue the operations until you reach the desired accuracy. For example, convert .42510  to five places in the binary system:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

 

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Although the multiplication was carried out for seven places, you would only use what is required. Write out the solution as shown:

 

.011012

 

To convert a mixed number such as 37.62510  to binary, split the number into its whole and fractional components and solve each one separately. In this problem carry the fractional part to four places. When the conversion of each is completed, recombine it with the radix point as shown below:

 

3710  = 1001012

 

.62510  = .10102

 

37.62510  = 100101.10102

 

Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:

 

Q48.   7210.

 

Q49.   9710.

 

Q50.   24310.

 

Q51.   0.87510  (four places).

 

Q52.   0.3310  (four places).

 

Q53.   17.4210  (five places)

 

Decimal to Octal

 

The conversion of a decimal number to its base 8 equivalent is done by the repeated division method. You simply divide the base 10 number by 8 and extract the remainders. The first remainder will be the LSD, and the last remainder will be the MSD.

 

Look at the following example. To convert 1510  to octal, set up the problem for division:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

Since 8 goes into 15 one time with a 7 remainder, 7 then is the LSD. Next divide 8 into the quotient (1). The result is a 0 quotient with a 1 remainder. The 1 is the MSD:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

 

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Now write out the number from MSD to LSD as shown:

 

178

 

The same process is used regardless of the size of the decimal number. Naturally, more divisions are needed for larger numbers, as in the following example:

 

Convert 26410  to octal:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

By rewriting the solution, you find that the octal equivalent of 26410  is as follows:

 

4108

 

To convert a decimal fraction to octal, multiply the fraction by 8. Extract everything that appears to the left of the radix point. The first number extracted will be the MSD and will follow the radix point. The last number extracted will be the LSD.

 

Convert 0.0510  to octal:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

 

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Write the solution from MSD to LSD:

 

.031468

 

You can carry the conversion out to as many places as needed, but usually four or five places are enough.

 

To convert a mixed decimal number to its octal equivalent, split the number into whole and fractional portions and solve as shown below:

 

Convert 105.58910  to octal:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

Combine the portions into a mixed number:

 

151.45548

 

Convert the following decimal numbers to octal:

 

Q54.   710

 

 

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Q55.   4310

 

Q56.   49910

 

Q57.   0.95110  (four places).

 

Q58.   0.00410  (five places).

 

Q59.   252.1710  (three places).

 

 

Decimal to Hex

 

To convert a decimal number to base 16, follow the repeated division procedures you used to convert to binary and octal, only divide by 16. Let's look at an example:

 

Convert 6310  to hex:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

Therefore, the hex equivalent of 6310  is 3F16.

 

You have to remember that the remainder is in base 10 and must be converted to hex if it exceeds 9. Let's work through another example:

 

Convert 17410  to hex:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

 

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Write the solution from MSD to LSD:

 

 AE16

 

 There will probably be very few times when you will have to convert a decimal fraction to a hex fraction. If the occasion should arise, the conversion is done in the same manner as binary or octal. use the following example as a pattern:

 

Convert 0.69510  to hex:

 

Math Problem - RF Cafe

 

The solution: .B1EB16

 

Should you have the need to convert a decimal mixed number to hex, convert the whole number and the fraction separately; then recombine for the solution.

 

Convert the following decimal numbers to hex:

 

Q60.   4210.

 

Q61.     8310.

 

Q62.           17610 .

 

Q63.   49110.

 

Q64.   0.72110  (four places).

 

 

 

The converting of binary, octal, and hex numbers to their decimal equivalents is covered as a group later in this section.

 

 

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BINARY CONVERSION

 

Earlier in this chapter, we mentioned that the octal and hex number systems are useful to computer programmers. It is much easier to provide data to a computer in one or the other of these systems. Likewise, it is important to be able to convert data from the computer into one or the other number systems for ease of understanding the data.

 

Binary to Octal

 

Look at the following numbers:

 

101110010011012

 

271158

 

You can easily see that the octal number is much easier to say. Although the two numbers look completely different, they are equal.

 

Since 8 is equal to 23, then one octal digit can represent three binary digits, as shown below:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

With the use of this principle, the conversion of a binary number is quite simple. As an example, follow the conversion of the binary number at the beginning of this section.

 

Write out the binary number to be converted. Starting at the radix point and moving left, break the binary number into groups of three as shown. This grouping of binary numbers into groups of three is called binary-coded octal (BCO). Add 0s to the left of any MSD that will fill a group of three:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

Next, write down the octal equivalent of each group:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

 

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To convert a binary fraction to its octal equivalent, starting at the radix point and moving right, expand each digit into a group of three:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

Add 0s to the right of the LSD if necessary to form a group of three. Now write the octal digit for each group of three, as shown below:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

To convert a mixed binary number, starting at the radix point, form groups of three both right and left:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

Convert the following binary numbers to octal:

 

Binary to Octal - RF Cafe

 

Binary to Hex

 

The table below shows the relationship between binary and hex numbers. You can see that four binary digits may be represented by one hex digit. This is because 16 is equal to 24.

 

 

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Binary to Hex - RF Cafe

 

Using this relationship, you can easily convert binary numbers to hex. Starting at the radix point and moving either right or left, break the number into groups of four. The grouping of binary into four bit groups is called binary-coded hexadecimal (BCH).

 

Convert 1110100112  to hex:

 

Binary to Hex - RF Cafe

 

Add 0s to the left of the MSD of the whole portion of the number and to the right of the LSD of the fractional part to form a group of four.

 

Convert .1112  to hex:

 

Binary to Hex - RF Cafe

 

In this case, if a 0 had not been added, the conversion would have been .716, which is incorrect. Convert the following binary numbers to hex:

 

Binary to Hex - RF Cafe

 

 

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NEETS Modules
- Matter, Energy, and Direct Current
- Alternating Current and Transformers
- Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement
- Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading
- Generators and Motors
- Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies
- Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies
- Amplifiers
- Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits
- Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas
- Microwave Principles
- Modulation Principles
- Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits
- - Introduction to Microelectronics
- Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros
- Introduction to Test Equipment
- Radio-Frequency Communications Principles
- Radar Principles
- The Technician's Handbook, Master Glossary
- Test Methods and Practices
- Introduction to Digital Computers
- Magnetic Recording
- Introduction to Fiber Optics
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