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Thermocouples

Thermocouples work on the Seebeck principle, discovered accidentally in 1822 by an Estonian physician named Thomas Seebeck. Basically, the Seebeck principle explains how two dissimilar metals generate a temperature-dependent flow of current at their welded junction when attached to a closed circuit.

TypeMetalsASTM
Color
EMF (mV)
Over Temp Range
Temperature
Range
B

Platinum30% Rhodium (+)
Platinum 6% Rhodium (-)

Gray
Red
0 to 13.8200 to 1700°C
(32 to 3092°F)
C

W5Re Tungsten 5% Rhenium (+)
W26Re Tungsten 26% Rhenium (-)

White
Red
0 to 37.0660 to 2320°C
(32 to 4208°F)
E

Chromel (+)
Constantan (-)

Violet
Red
-9.835 to 76.373-200 to 900°C
(-328 to 1652°F)
G

Tungsten 26% (+)
Rhenium W-26% (-)

White
Red
0 to 38.5640 to 2320°C
(32 to 4208°F)
J

Iron (+)
Constantan (-)

White
Red
-8.095 to 69.5530 to 750°C
(32 to 1382°F)
K

Chromel (+)
Alumel (-)

Yellow
Red
-6.458 to 54.886-200 to 1250°C
(-328 to 2282°F)
N

Nicrosil (+)
Nisil (-)

Orange
Red
-4.345 to 47.513270 to 1300°C
(-450 to 2372°F)
R

Platinum 13% Rhodium (+)
Platinum (-)

Black
Red
-0.226 to 21.1010 to 1450°C
(32 to 2642°F)
S

Platinum 10% Rhodium (+)
Platinum (-)

Black
Red
-0.236 to 18.6930 to 1450°C
(32 to 2642°F)
T

Copper (+)
Constantan (-)

Blue
Red
-6.528 to 20.872-200 to 350°C
(-328 to 662°F)

Thermocouple types R, S, and B are constructed of platinum and rhodium, and are referred to as noble metal thermocouples. They are more accurate and more stable than base metal types, but are more expensive.

 

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