August 1969 Radio-Electronics
[Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Electronics,
published 1930-1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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You might have heard of Pixie tubes and Nixie
tubes from the era preceding light emitting diodes (LED's), but how about Elfin tubes?
They were considered the next stage in the evolution of digital display devices. This
article from a 1969 issue of Radio-Electronics magazine provides an introduction
to Elfin tubes.
The images above are from a listing on eBay (at this time) offering to sell
MG-19B Elfin Readout tubes for $10 each, in case you want one for
a conversation piece or for a project. Elfin tubes are fairly accessible if this guy
depletes his supply. I grabbed a shot of the tube and datasheet in case they disappear
someday.
Experiment with Digital Readouts
By Jim Ashe
New miniature indicator lamp displays both letters and numbers. Circuits show you
how to get crisp, brilliant alphanumeric readouts
The race continues. Both solid-state and neon-glow alphanumeric indicators have their
special advantages, but now the neons are corning on strongly in the form of some new
subminiature indicators.
Aleo Electronic Products Inc. (Lawrence, Mass.) recently introduced MG-19 Elfin indicators
for small instrument work. Their crisp, bright red-orange images are adequate in almost
any illumination.
How Elfins Work
Fig. 1 (left) - Size of Elfin is just over 1 1/2 inch. Each of the
nine separate cathode elements are on the same plane. Dark elements make neon glow stand
out.
Fig. 2 (right) - Base connections for the new indicators.
The new indicators are tiny but complex cold-cathode neon lamps. Unlike other similar
devices, they offer a single-plane display composed of nine segments (Fig. 1). Depending
on your needs, a fairly complex circuit may be required to decode a binary-coded decimal
or other signal. But Elfin indicators can display many alphabetic as well as all numeric
characters.
Each Elfin indicator bulb has 10 electrical connections (Fig. 2). Lead A is the common
anode, and the other nine leads go to the segments shown in Fig. 1. If the anode is connected
to about +200 volts and the cathode leads are grounded through a 220,000-ohm resistor,
the segments will glow. The decimal point, a smaller element, requires a series resistor
several times larger.
Electrically, the Elfin is merely a glorified neon lamp. However, its turn-on and
turn-off voltages are considerably higher than ordinary neon lamps, perhaps as a result
of a special gas mix for its "prolonged life span" specification. The manufacturer's
specs appear in Table I. Notice the lower current for the decimal point.
The brightness of these little in-dicators is quite surprising. This is partly due
to the light-absorbent quality of the electrical elements, which provides a dark background
area even when the Elfin is unmounted. But the neon glow is very bright in itself. Manufacturer's
specs suggest 1 mA cathode current is not excessive, and tests at this level gave a brightness
suitable for any ambient lighting short of direct sunlight. For longer life, the Elfins
operate at several tens of microamps per cathode, but brightness is considerably reduced.
The operating curve I ran (Fig. 3) is provisional, since specified operating voltages
are higher than those I obtained by testing preproduction samples I used.
This graph shows what we expect: for a given current there's a definite voltage across
the lamp, and the voltage increases as the current rises in the usual operating range.
Since neon lamps show a very sharp current-voltage dependence, we get this curve by varying
the overall voltage through a large series resistor. I adjusted the current to 0.5, 1.0,
and 1.5 mA, measured the voltage across the elements at each setting and checked at 0.2
mA for the decimal point. There was some variation between elements and from one tube
to another.
Some Basic Circuits
Although Elfin firing and operating voltages look like something from a history book,
it's not hard to generate adequate voltages at the required low currents. A gas regulator
tube or two can provide stabilization. Since a voltage-regulator tube can handle up to
25 or 30 mA of output current, we can easily operate at least six Elfins at fairly high
current levels.
Table I - Elfin Specifications
Elfins are excellent for nearby or remote indication of switch position, servo function
and other jobs where the control system consists of a switch assembly, a power supply
and perhaps a lot of wire. With the diagram in Fig. 4 you can work out your own design
for this purpose.
Here, each Elfin cathode element has a series current-limiting resistor, with the
dot element (if used) having a larger resistor since it requires less current. A single
resistor is not used in the anode element, as with Nixie tubes, because as different
configurations of lighted elements are selected the total anode current varies. This
simple switching system requires no diodes or other semiconductors. Simply wire the fixed
contacts so all the appropriate elements are connected to ground for each switch position.
In this arrangement a separate switch wafer for each element is necessary. That works
out to a seven- or a nine-wafer switch, and one posi-tion per character to be displayed.
With diodes this complexity can be reduced to a single-wafer switch (see Fig. 5).
In position 1, only cathode Ka sees an electrical connection to ground.
In position 2, only cathode Kb fires, in position 3 they both fire and so
on. Design this system to your specs by choosing a given switch position and marking
each intersection for the input line to the appropriate cathode. During assembly, wire
a diode around each marked intersection.
If you don't understand what the diodes do, imagine one replaced by a piece of wire,
and then run the switch through its positions. This is simply a diode matrix, requiring
49 diodes to read out the integers 0-9 from a single-pole 10-position switch. Power diodes
rated at 200 PIV can be used in the matrix, rather than the more expensive signal diodes.
Fig. 3 - Voltage-current characteristics measured from three preproduction
Elfins.
Fig. 4 - Driving the Elfin from a multiple-wafer switch, at one wafer
for each cathode.
Fig. 5 - Diode matrix arrangement permits use of single-pole switch
to light tubes.
Fig. 6 (left) - Transistor switching arrangement possible with low-voltage
Nixie tubes.
Fig. 7 (right)- Firing voltage and typical setup to operate Elfins.
How about Elfin indicator control with solid-state switches? Nixies are sometimes
controlled directly by the circuit shown in Fig. 6, but transistors for this application
would need 200-volt VCEO ratings. A catalog disclosed no possibilities of
the small-signal, inexpensive variety. We will have to try strategy, and the answer appears
back in Fig. 3, the measured EI curve.
By switching the Elfin between some off state of insufficient voltage to some on state
of adequate current, the voltage swing can be low enough to be handled by ordinary transistors
.. A workable scheme appears in Fig. 7.
It works this way. Suppose switch S is closed. We have +90 volts from supply to ground
through the switch. (If you feel uncomfortable about that, you're thinking about ordinary
neon indicators that would be destroyed in this circuit.) Our measured EI characteristic
shows there's no current flow with 90 volts applied. There will be about 0.8 mA flowing
from ground to the minus supply. Then switch S is opened.
This gives us the sum of the positive and negative supply voltages applied to the
Elfin indicator through at 150,000-ohm resistor. The Elfin fires, and the supply voltage
goes to about 120 volts across the indicator, about 80 volts across the resistor, and
perhaps 0.5 mA flowing. The upper switch contact falls from zero volts to -30 volts,
acceptable to an ordinary transistor. We see this requires a pnp transistor.
Now let's do this with transistors. The complete indicator circuit appears in Fig.
8. Here, a bias resistor from base to minus holds each pnp transistor saturated until
a turnoff signal is applied. This signal switches the transistor off, and its Elfin element
lights up. Diodes D1, etc. prevent excessive transistor-base turnoff voltages, and may
be omitted in many designs of known drive and transistor ratings.
Fig. 8 - Transistor circuit for controlling Elfins. High VCE
is not needed, since transistors are clamped.
This circuit is controlled by positive logic, and since the transistor base terminals
are clamped only a few hundred millivolts negative, we can easily use conventional positive-supply,
positive-logic IC's. Now, if you want to drive the indicator from a parallel line at
one lead per character, you can use the matrix idea previously mentioned to translate
from character logic to element logic.
There are now lots of appropriate transistors. Since the VCEO rating is
a pessimistic one established under open-base connections, a 25-volt rating may be adequate.
I'd choose at least 30 volts, and General Electric's 2N5365 transistor, prices at 55¢,
is rated at VCEO = 40 volts.
Fig. 9 shows a simple power supply circuit. If later samples of the fins turn out
to have higher operating voltages than my preproduction samples, simply choose higher-voltage
regulator tubes and review the design.
Fig. 9 - Power supply for indicators can use extra VR tube for safety.
What if regulator V1 fails? That would overvolt the Elfins in turnoff, and we could
expect a disastrous failure costing us an Elfin and many transistors per integer displayed.
The answer is simple: simply add another similar tube in parallel with V1 and mark on
the chassis which tube should fire in normal operation. If you check one day and the
wrong tube is lit, your safety factor has diminished but is easily restored by a new
VR tube.
Posted August 1, 2018
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