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March 1967 Radio-Electronics
 [Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Electronics,
published 1930-1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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Rotary Stepping Switches - They're Everywhere
Part 2 - Use them for counting, circuit selection and remote control
By Tom Jaski
Part I of this series described how rotary switches are used for the selection
of as many points as the selecting switch carried, but with only a single sequence
of pulses. A telephone dial is a useful control device which produces a maximum
of 11 pulses. Thus supplying control pulses with such a dial might make it necessary
to dial several times until the correct total number of pulses were delivered. Note
too that most telephone-type dials will deliver one extra pulse. Thus if 3 is dialed,
4 pulses are actually delivered by an unmodified dial.
Fortunately, it's possible to prevent such action. An electrical modification
can be made, by inserting a slow-release relay in the circuit. The relay is then
picked up by the first pulse - the relay blocks all line pulses until it is picked
up. It's also possible to modify the dial mechanism mechanically.
Changing a telephone dial
Fig. 1 shows how to eliminate the extra pulse from a standard older-type telephone
dial. Note the "off-normal" contacts. These are operated by a small brass foot attached
to the shaft. When the dial is rotated, the normally closed contacts are opened
(and the normally open contacts are closed). The pulses are produced by the interrupter
as the dial is on the return stroke. By extending the brass foot of the off-normal
contacts a little (this can be done by soldering on a small piece of brass) and
sending the pulses through one of these contacts, the extra pulse can be eliminated.
The last pulse is then blocked by the off-normal contact.
Note too that the dial's mode of forming pulses - making or breaking contacts
- can be changed by adjusting the position of the interrupter cam on the geared
shaft.
Using the dial for selection leads to a more sophisticated, two-level system.
By using a switch of 10 points per level and 10 levels (Automatic Electric type
80, or equivalent), a 2-digit code can select anyone of 99 points. Fig. 2 shows
the diagram for such a selector system. S1 is a minor switch, operated by the first
digit dialed; this action selects the level of S2. The next set of pulses then rotates
S2 to the desired contact. As arranged here, the pulse line also becomes the control
line, and the circuit resets on a single pulse, but only after it has come to rest.
***
The Roto-Netic stepping motor from Heinemann Electric Co. converts pulses into
rotary motion consisting of 10 precise steps. The device (see photo) consists of
a linear solenoid, a spring-loaded, plunger-type armature, and a ratchet-and-pawl
actuator on the end of the plunger that turns the output shaft.
When the solenoid is energized by a pulse, the plunger is drawn into the coil
against spring tension. After the pulse, the solenoid is de-energized, and the spring
forces the plunger back to "rest" position. This drives the actuator against a 10-tooth
star-wheel and produces 36° of shaft rotation (one step).
The actuator prevents the starwheel from rotating more than 36°, and a pawl
prevents reverse rotation. This means there's no possibility of overshoot, and overshoot
compensation isn't necessary. Each step is precisely the same as the last, and since
the power stroke occurs upon de-energization, even the last stroke is recorded in
case of power failure.
Speed is nominally 600 steps per minute and operates on either 12 volts dc or
115 volts ac with a bridge rectifier.
***
1CR is the relay which translates the pulses so a local power supply can be used.
As pulses arrive, motor magnet MM1 steps S1 to the desired level of S2. Slow-release
relay 2CR also energizes on the first pulse and remains energized until the pulses
stop. When they do, and 2CR releases, relay 3CR is energized through now closed
off-normal contacts ONS1 (which are on switch S1) and locks up on the supply. This
action removes future pulses from S1 and also sends pulses through contacts 1CR-3
to motor magnet MM2. This second set of pulses causes MM2 to rotate S2.
When this sequence is finished, 2CR again drops out, now connecting 4CR, through
2CR-3, to the line and also to the wipers that make the controlled circuit. A tone
arriving over this line does not affect the dc circuit, but a dc pulse will energize
4CR, a slow-release relay that will allow MM2 to step home on the interrupter and
will energize the release magnet of S1, resetting these switches. Off-normal contact
ONS1 on S1 then drops 3CR.
This circuit can deliver anyone of 99 points on demand (even 100 by including
the code 00). Using the same principles with more switches and relays would make
it possible to extend the system indefinitely. Most industrial control or monitoring
problems can be handled easily by a system that provides selection of any of 100
points - especially if the system has random access, like this one.
Output pulse polarity
One point about generating pulses with a stepper: The circuit of Fig. 3-a produces
negative pulses - i.e., no voltage during steps. Positive pulses - voltage only
during steps - can be produced with the hookups of Fig. 3-b and c. At (b) the outgoing
line is grounded as long as the switch remains on a contact; when the arm moves,
a positive voltage goes to the line. The resistor prevents shorting the battery.
At (c) a relay inverts the pulses.
The device of Fig. 4 has several functions. First, it counts pulses in decades
from a switch-type transducer. By mounting numbered discs or cylinders on the switch
shafts this count can be read directly. By supplying different tones for each switch,
characteristic signals can be sent out over a single line, to identify units, tens
and hundreds. (Of course, three separate lines can be brought out for this purpose.)
Fig. 1 - How a telephone dial's shunt-spring operating arm is modified to eliminate
the extra pulse that it normally generates.
Fig. 2 - A two-level selector can select anyone of 99 points by actuating S1,
then S2.
Circuit operation is simple: Incoming pulses operate relay 1CR, which is present
for the usual reason (to keep from loading the pulse line). It causes S1 to step,
and on the tenth pulse to S1 causes a wiper contact to connect MM2 to the positive
dc line. This starts S2 on its first step. This same wiper contact energizes relay
2CR, which resets S1. The next two steps operate similarly, and just one pushbutton
resets the whole circuit.
Fig. 3 - How stepper generates pulses. a- Negative (zero-voltage) pulse output
when arm is between contacts. b - Positive-pulse generator, c - Relay 1CR inverts
pulses.
Fig. 4 - ( above) - Decade counting circuit. Separate lines send units, tens
and hundreds pulses to readouts. Distinctive tone codes can be sent out over a single
line.
Again it's possible to say that this circuit can be expanded to include "thousands,"
"ten thousands" and so on. For practical purposes a count of 999 is quite large.
The circuit shown was used for registering gallons pumped by gas pumps in a service
station. A remote register totaled all the data from the pumps, using a storage
or "memory" circuit if several pumps were used simultaneously.
These circuits have been designed for direct-operated switches. For accurate
timing it may make a difference whether switches are operated direct or indirect.
An indirectly operated switch acts on the cessation of a pulse, rather than on the
starting of one. In the circuits shown, that makes little difference. Also, all
levels of contacts have been shown for nonbridging wipers. Bridging wipers running
across contacts would not generate pulses.
Another point: A switch steps home much faster than it steps out, and pulses
are produced by it much faster than dial pulses occur. (The latter run from 10 to
20 per second.) A switch stepping home on interrupters can be slowed down, as was
described in Part 1. But the homing speed of a minor switch can be regulated only
by adjusting mechanical friction or spring tension. The speed can be slowed down
some but not much.
Storing numbers
The circuit of Fig. 4 can be used to store three digits (and more by extension).
A simple readout can be built to show the final setting of the three switches. Such
a readout arrangement is shown in Fig. 5. The banks at right of the diagram are
one level each from the three minor switches of Fig. 4. The stepping switch used
for readout must be adjusted to make 30 contacts in sequence (on two levels), by
properly setting the wipers. Each set of 10 is connected to the minor-switch contact
banks. The switch will step through the first contacts (after starting, and this
switch steps slowly) and will energize 4CR when a "ground" is encountered on the
minor-switch bank. 4CR then stops further pulses (up to 10) from appearing on the
output line.
When point 10 is reached, 4CR is reset by 2CR-3, and the switch then scans the
bank of the second minor switch, and so on. The result is a series of three sets
of pulses which will signal in order the units, tens and hundreds count of the three
minor switches. If a pause is needed between sets of pulses, 2CR and 3CR can be
used also to energize slow-operating relay 5CR. For the duration of its on-off cycle,
5CR prevents 1CR from stepping the switch. This function is indicated by dotted
lines. The START button can be any momentary-contact type - even a relay contact.
For example, with several storage registers, a sensing circuit could be used
to hold off one register until another has been "read." Any relay can be used as
such a sensor by either the absence or presence of a voltage on its coil.
[In Fig. 5, the stepping switch is shown with two sets of 30 contacts arranged
in circles. Each set of 30 contacts has 3 wipers. The method of presentation is
used for simplicity. Actually, each set of 10 contacts is on a separate level and
the wipers are 120° apart. Thus, contacts 1 through 10 are on one level, 11
through 20 on the next, and so on. This switch - Automatic Electric type 44 or equivalent
- accommodates up to six 10-point bank levels. It is driven by a 33-tooth ratchet
providing 10 "on-the-bank" positions followed by an "off-the-bank" position for
each one-third revolution. -Editor]
Relay code selection
The individual code selector is a useful device. It can select one, and only
one of several circuits, by means of one line or radio channel. While such selectors
are made by various manufacturers (there are even electronics selectors with no
moving parts), it's possible to build this kind of selector by using stepping switches
and relays. Fig. 6 shows one circuit, which uses a type 44 switch, again arranged
for 30 points.
Incoming pulses operate the slow-release relay and the motor magnet (the usual
pulse relay has been left off). This switch, as shown has been arranged for the
code 4-5-9. (Up to 0-9-9 can be used with the 44 switch.) If the switch wiper lands
on any point connected to relay 2CR, the switch will immediately step home. Only
by successively landing on the code-specified contacts will the switch stay in the
last position it reaches.
Fig. 5 - Readout to indicate settings of switches in Fig. 4. An extra relay on
contact 30 can replace the reset (START) switch.
For example, with the circuit shown, we can dial circuit 9 only by dialing first
4 and then 5. Any other sequence causes the stepping switch to home. 1CR-1 opens
at the beginning of the first series of pulses, disconnecting the battery from the
wiper and prevents false triggering. At the end of the pulse ICR-1 closes and connects
the battery to the wiper. If the correct number (4) had been dialed, 3CR is energized
and locked in through 3CR-2 and ONS2. The next series of 5 pulses steps the switch
to position 9.
If the code is misdialed or 9 is dialed directly, 2CR is energized and the stepping
switch homes through 2CR-1 and off-normal contacts ONS1.
For low digits an additional relay may be needed, to prevent landing on the third
digit position. It would be necessary to use a second code of pulses to ensure that
the switch comes to rest successively on all three points or not at all. Line connection
is made through a second level of contacts (not shown in the diagram). Any additional
pulse after the three-digit code will of course have the same effect as too many
pulses - it will send the switch home.
Where only a few selectors are to be used on a line, relay RY1 can be eliminated
simply by making the first digit 0 (tenth contact) and the second digit 9 or 0.
This makes it unlikely that accidental connection could take place, yet allows for
the use of 9 selectors. With that many pulses needed it is also unlikely that accidental
connection could take place, yet the circuit allows for the use of 9 selectors.
It is equally unlikely that random pulse noise might connect a selector.
The circuit of Fig. 6 has many applications. It can be used to read voltages
or currents of a remotely located transmitter (or any other electronic device, for
that matter). A suitable meter would be used at the dial (pulse-originating) location,
while series and shunt connections would be made at the stepper (pulse-receiving)
location.
Another use would be to switch microphone circuits remotely into a single amplifier
and line.
Rotary stepping switches have been used for many years in telephone, communications
and industrial electronics. Today's models are highly sophisticated and capable
of complex functions. In spite of the hundreds of thousands of steppers in daily
use, many persons interested in electronics have little knowledge of stepping-switch
function. These switches aren't really so complicated, however, as this series has
shown.
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