Saturable Reactors
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Saturable Reactors By Erwin Levey
The operating principles of saturable reactors have been known for quite a long time, but it is only within the past few years that these units have come into general use. Considering the reactor's versatility, the number of ways in which it can be used is almost unlimited. Basically it is a magnetic device which functions as a variable inductance. It has a d.c. winding which is used for control and an a.c. winding which is connected in series with the load to be controlled. There is no direct connection between the two circuits, the only linkage is through the magnetic properties of the core on which they are both wound. Operation is based on the phenomenon that the permeability of a magnetic material is not constant. It varies with the strength of the magnetizing force applied. Since the inductance of a coil is directly proportional to the permeability of its core material, it also will vary. When the d.c. control current is zero the permeability of the core is extremely high, therefore the inductance of the a.c. coils is large. Since they are connected in series with the load the load current is extremely low. As the d.c. control current is increased the magnetizing force through the core is increased. This causes the permeability and therefore the inductance of the a.c. coils to decrease. This, in turn, means that the load current will also increase.
Fig. 1. - Terminal connections of saturable reactor using two separate transformer cores. As the d.c. current increases further the inductance is proportionately decreased with a corresponding increase in load current. When the core is fully saturated with full d.c. current the inductance of the a.c. coils is minimum. Therefore it can be seen that the control effect is secured by means of d.c. core saturation. Since the d.c. power required for control is less than the a.c. power used in the load circuit the unit has a certain amount of gain or amplification. Physically a saturable reactor has the same general type of construction as a transformer although several different types of core arrangements are possible. The one described here is extremely simple and is assembled by using only two standard transformers. Fig. 5 is a photograph of a unit which was assembled breadboard style for ease of construction. The two small transformers on the left are used as the saturable reactor, the small motor being the controlled unit. The chassis on the right is the variable d.c. power supply used for control purposes. Fig. 4 gives a close-up of the reactor unit alone, from which it can be seen that the transformer windings are connected to a screw-type terminal strip. This procedure facilitates connections and requires only a screwdriver for assembly. Before proceeding further, several terms which identify multiple coil connections will be explained in order to clarify the main explanation to follow. In a "series-aiding" connection two coils are connected together so that their relative winding directions are the same. The net result is that the voltage induced in each is in the same direction, while the total terminal voltage equals the sum of the two individual voltages. In a "series-opposing" connection the two coils are connected so that the relative winding directions are opposite, producing voltages in opposite directions. Here the total terminal voltage is equal to the difference of the two individual voltages. It is important to note that these relative winding directions are given from an electrical viewpoint, and not in terms of the actual physical windings as they are placed on the core. Terminals of similar polarity or winding direction are indicated by means of an X. This end is called the "start," the other end is the "finish." The conventions that will be used throughout this article are illustrated in Fig. 3, which also shows the proper type of parallel connection. To avoid confusion they are defined specifically at this point. As pointed out earlier in the article several different types of core arrangements are possible. The one which will be explained here as the basis for the unit to be constructed is the simplest type from an experimental viewpoint. A schematic of the unit is shown in Fig. 1. Two separate, identical cores are used, each having a d.c. and an a.c. winding. Both a.c. windings are identical, so are both d.c. windings. However, the d.c. windings differ in physical characteristics from the a.c. windings. Since each d.c. coil is on a core with an a.c. winding there will be an a.c. voltage induced in the d.c. windings due to transformer action. Now, if the two d.c. coils are connected in series-opposing, the a.c. voltage induced in each will cancel, as a result of their being equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity. This is the only permissible connection for the d.c. coils. But the series-aiding connection for the a.c. coils, as shown in the diagram, is only one of the possible connections for them. The unit to be described here is based on this type of arrangement, as explained before. For this purpose, two identical 40 ma. power transformers were used, each having the following windings: primary (117 v.), high voltage (480 v.), 5 v. filament, and 6.3 v. filament. All the secondaries had center taps but they were taped up since they were not used. Actually, for the construction of a simple unit only the primary and high voltage windings are needed but the low voltage windings can be used to show some further interesting control possibilities. The primary is used as the a.c. coil and the high voltage winding as the d.c. coil.
Fig. 2. - Transformer winding connections.
Fig. 3. - Coil connections. (A) series-aiding. (B) series-opposing. and (C) parallel. Once the transformers and terminal strips have been mounted the windings are connected in the following order: primary, high voltage, 6.3 v. filament, and 5 v. filament. The order is the same for each transformer. At this point actual physical order of the two leads of a particular winding do not matter. The next and most important step is to properly phase .all the windings, that is, to determine their winding directions with respect to the primary as the standard. The procedure will be explained first for transformer #1 separately. Since the primary is used as the starting point the connection to the first terminal is called the start, the second connection, the finish. Connect the finish of the primary to the high voltage lead immediately adjacent to it. Then connect the primary leads to 117 volts and read the voltage appearing across the two coils which are now in series. If the reading is the sum of the two individual voltages the coils are connected in series-aiding, this being the condition desired and indicating that the high voltage leads are in the proper physical order. On the other hand, if the difference of the two voltages is indicated, the connection is series-opposing. If this is the case, reverse the positions of the high voltage leads and repeat the test. The reading will then indicate a series-aiding connection. For each set of winding leads, the first one in physical order should be the start; the second, the finish. If low voltage windings are present repeat the procedure exactly as described using the primary and each winding individually. The complete procedure should be repeated step-by-step for the windings of transformer #2. The purpose of this test can be seen by referring to the schematic diagram in. Fig. 2. The windings are laid out in standard order to facilitate the actual interconnection of the units as a saturable reactor. This is the most crucial step in the whole procedure and a double check should be made to make sure that no errors exist. Otherwise the unit will either operate improperly or not at all. As explained previously, the d.c. coils (high voltage windings) must be connected in series-opposing. Following the original definition this is done by connecting the finish of high voltage #1 to the finish of high voltage #2. The d.c. voltage source is then connected to the two remaining leads, which are the start of high voltage #1 and high voltage #2. In this simple arrangement the unit is not polarity sensitive, that is, the positive lead could be connected to either end. However, to keep a standard procedure (necessary for later arrangements), start high voltage #1 will be designated the plus terminal and start high voltage #2 the negative terminal. Next, the two a.c. coils (primaries) are to be connected in series-aiding. Therefore connect finish of primary #1 to start of primary #2. These coils are then connected in series with the load to be controlled. The actual schematic of this set-up is shown in Fig. 6A. At this point it is necessary to determine the range of the unit. The size of the wire in the primary windings (a.c. coils) is determined by the power (actually current) used under actual load conditions for which the transformer was originally designed. This is done in the following manner: Total secondary power equals power of each individual winding.
The assumption will be made that this is the same as ·the input power. This is not exactly true in the case of an actual transformer but it is found that the assumption is close enough to give an idea of the range, which is all that is necessary. Thus it is shown that 40 watts is the limit due to the physical properties of the unit. The actual amount of power that can be controlled is somewhat less, approximately 30 watts. From experimental results it was found that the d.c. current necessary for complete control when the high voltage windings are used as the d.c. coils was equal to the current rating of the high voltage windings plus 10% of that amount, in this particular case, 44 ma. The unit used for control was a regular variable power supply rated at 300 volts with no load. It is best to use a light bulb of the proper wattage as the load so that the control effects can be observed visually. When all the connections have been made, with the d.c. power off, plug in. the a.c. load circuit. At this point the bulb will be either completely extinguished or else very dim. Now turn on the d.c. power supply and slowly increase the current. The brightness of the bulb will increase in proportion to the current, reaching its maximum brightness at approximately 44 ma. When the core is fully saturated at full d.c. current and the bulb is at its maximum brightness it will be found that the voltage appearing across the bulb is less than the actual line voltage (approximately 100 v.). This is due to the fact that the reactance of the coils cannot be decreased to exactly zero. As a result there will always be some drop across the reactor. In commercial applications this is corrected by providing a supply voltage which is about 5% higher than the normal operating voltage of the controlled unit.
Fig. 4. - Close-up of reactor. Two small transformers are used.
Fig. 5. - Breadboard assembly of saturable reactor motor control. At the other extreme it will be found that the lamp voltage does not drop to zero, since the reactor cannot be infinite in value. This of course means that the load current cannot be decreased to exactly zero. However in the case of a lamp load it will "black-out" at approximately 15% of full line voltage. When a resistive load is used the two voltages, across the reactor and across the resistive load, are 90 degrees out-of-phase. When the load is also reactive, for example a motor, the voltages will be in-phase. The net result of all this is a slight reduction in the control range. In the next arrangement the two a.c. coils will be connected in parallel. Again following standard convention the finish of primaries #1 and #2 are connected together and the start of these same windings are connected together. The start ends are connected to the a.c. line and the finish ends are connected to the light bulb and then to the other side of the line (coils in series with load unit). The d.c. coil connections are not changed. The actual schematic of this circuit is shown in Fig. 6B. When using this connection it will be found that the d.c. control current needed is only one-half of that required for a series connection of the a.c. coils. It will also be found that the unit will operate much more efficiently in this arrangement. This results from the fact that the primaries were originally designed to operate on 117 volts. If desired, a small fractional horsepower motor can be substituted for the light bulb. Its power rating must be approximately the same as the light bulb used. For this purpose, the type of motor used in Erector Sets or small movie projectors is the proper size, but it must be a 117 volt a.c. type. It is necessary to observe certain precautions, because when a motor first starts it draws an excessive line current which is higher than its normal value at full speed, with the consequent danger of overloading the unit. To avoid this a shorting switch is connected across the a.c. coils so that full line voltage can be applied to the motor. Once the motor is started the switch is opened, changing the control of the motor to the saturable reactor.
Fig.6. - Saturable reactor with a.c. coils connected in series (A) and in parallel (B). In order to simplify specific arrangements and procedure the foregoing explanation has been based on the ratings of a 40 ma. power transformer. However, units have been built using 70 ma., 90 ma., and 150 ma. transformers and the system is exactly the same when any of these are used. The gain of the unit can be calculated by the following formula: gain = output power (a.c.) / input power (d.c.) The gain of the small unit is relatively low, but as the size of the unit is increased the efficiency also increases which means that the gain is higher. The cores used are made of 4% silicon steel which operate best at high power levels. Manual control has been used in this presentation to avoid complications. There are several very interesting ways in which these units can be controlled by means of regular electron tubes. In the beginning of this article it was pointed out that a multiple control unit can be made by making use of the low voltage windings, making possible control based on multiple input signals. Once the unit is assembled it is merely necessary to connect the proper type of control unit to each set of windings. Since the windings are different from the high voltage windings the control conditions are entirely different. Therefore it would be necessary to experiment in order to determine the best control conditions for each of the various voltage windings.
Posted April 7, 2023 |
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Details on a saturable reactor that can be quickly
assembled using two standard power transformers. 
