Walter Sneijers,
an RF Applications Engineer at Ampleon,
offers this paper titled "Doherty Amplifiers in UHF." It is an abbreviated version of
his more extensive white paper titled "Doherty Architecture in UHF," both of which feature Ampleon's
BLF8xx transistor
family. An introduction to the
Doherty amplifier
is given along with basic design and test configurations. Both the classical 2-way and
the ultra wide-band (UWB) architectures are discussed.
White Paper: Doherty Amplifiers in UHF
By Walter Sneijers, RF Application Engineer, Ampleon
1. Introduction
The triple demands of high efficiency, small size and low cost placed by cellular
telephony on UHF transmitters led to the early introduction of Doherty amplifiers in
mobile handsets. Since this introduction Doherty architectures have been further enhanced,
leading to a gradual uptake of this technology in broadcasting, to the point where Doherty
amplifiers are found in almost all of today's new UHF transmitters.
This article looks at a selection of Doherty
architectures and shows how the Ampleon BLF8xx transistor family may be used in UHF amplifier solutions
based on Doherty architectures.
(Note that the use of GaN transistors is not in scope for this article.)
2. Doherty Architectures
In the following sections two common Doherty architectures are reviewed, the classical
2-way and the ultra wide-band, (UWB) architectures.
2.1 Classical 2-Way Doherty Architecture
Fig 1a shows a classical Doherty power amplifier architecture which actually consists
of two amplifiers: one operating as a main, or "carrier," amplifier biased as Class AB,
the other as a "peaking" amplifier biased for Class C operation to provide a high-efficiency
power boost when needed for higher-power input excursions. The input signal is evenly
split using a 3-dB quadrature coupler. The two outputs from the coupler are 90⁰ out of
phase and are brought back into phase and reactively combined using the quarter-wave
transmission line of the peaking amplifier. The two signals in parallel create an impedance
of Z0/2 Ω which is stepped up to Z0 Ω by the quarter-wave transformer.
An amplifier based on the classic Doherty architecture only operates over a 50 MHz
bandwidth range and has somewhat limited power levels, but it does provide high efficiency
for signals with high peak/average ratios.
An example of the implementation of a classical
2-way Doherty amplifier can be achieved using
Ampleon's BLF888A/B transistors, giving an amplifier with a 220 W
average power level and 45% efficiency. In this configuration, the high-ruggedness BLF888A
should be used in the peak amplifier and the high efficiency BLF888B in the main.
The a-symmetric Doherty architecture, shown in fig 1b, gives a 2-3% increase in average
efficiency compared to the above classic 2-way design and this architecture also offers
increased power levels.
This design uses the same main amplifier but with a higher power peak amplifier and
can be implemented, for example, using Ampleon's BLF888B, (Main) and BLF898, (Peak).
In this case the BLF898 peak amplifier, with around 900 W, has around 1.5 times
the power of the BLF888B main amplifier, with 650 W, giving an
α = 0.4, (where α is
the ratio of the main amplifier power over the sum of the main and peak amplifier powers).
Figures 2a and 2b show how higher amplifier efficiencies can be obtained by varying the
power of the peak amplifier.
Note however that this design is more complex than the classic 2-way and the relatively
small increase in power and efficiency may or may not justify this extra complexity.
2.2 Ultra Wideband 2-Way Doherty Architecture
The Ultra Wideband Doherty (UWD) architecture
was developed to overcome some of the bandwidth limitations of the classical design.
The additional bandwidth is achieved by making changes to the output circuitry of the
architecture, as shown in figure 4. The relative positions of the power combiner and
impedance matching circuits are swapped and capacitance is added to the outputs of the
amplifiers.
A theoretical UWD design enables coverage of the full UHF spectrum, albeit at a reduced
efficiency level, as shown in figure 3a. However practical considerations such as parasitics
in the output stages and 2nd order harmonics limit the achievable bandwidth.
An implementation of this design is possible using the Ampleon BLF888D transistor
which enables full coverage of the UHF band at 40% efficiency with an output power of
115 W avg. However the efficiency of this implementation is limited by the nature of
the output circuitry and also 2nd order harmonics introduced by channel filters. These
and other factors are difficult to mitigate and can significantly lower efficiency, by
as much as 5%.
Given these limitations it is important to be able to combine UWB Doherty amplifiers
in order to achieve full UHF bandwidth coverage at acceptable efficiency levels and this
is discussed in more detail below.
As with the classic Doherty architecture, an
asymmetric approach can also be used in UWB Doherty amplifiers in order to improve power
and efficiency. Figure 3b shows how, with an α of 0.4,
efficiency is improved and the efficiency response is also flatter than for the symmetric
UWB design. The theoretical bandwidth available from this approach is however around
50% of that obtained from the symmetric design, meaning that, realistically, the full
UHF spectrum cannot be acceptably covered using UWB Doherty techniques.
If however the UHF spectrum is split into three sub-bands, e.g. 470-600 MHz,
600-700 MHz and 700-800 MHz then higher efficiency levels are achievable since
Doherty designs are less susceptible to 2nd order harmonics and output matching can be
improved when the covered spectrum is lower. As an example of what can be achieved by
this approach, Ampleon have produced a development board, based on the BLF888D transistor,
which enables 45% efficiency at an average power of 130 Watts over the 470-600 MHz
sub-band.
The above discussion has illustrated the trade-off between efficiency and bandwidth
when using current UWD technologies. This choice will be influenced in different regions
by factors such as transmitter requirements, (size, cost and power consumption) and end-user
requirements - again predominantly cost and size. The evolving regulatory landscape may
also influence design changes as regional authorities review future use of UHF spectrum.
2.2.2 Combining of UWD Amplifiers
Where power and efficiency requirements dictate that the UHF spectrum must be split
into sub-bands then amplifier outputs must be combined. Three main combining techniques
are commonly used in UHF solutions - Wilkinson Combiners, Baluns and 90° couplers, each
with their respective pros and cons.
In this section we focus on the 90° coupler and the Balun and examine their performance
when isolating 2nd order harmonics - a key characteristic of any coupling device.
Balun:
An ideal balun provides:
- Balanced to unbalanced conversion or vice versa
- Impedance transformation at fundamental frequencies (optional)
- Cancellation of even harmonic signals towards the load (prevent even harmonic reflections
from the channel filter)
- An "open" for even harmonic signals seen at the balun input
Whilst
the balun is the most commonly used combiner in UHF broadband amplifiers it has significant
limitations when used with UWB Doherty amplifiers due to 2nd order harmonic resonances
which can cause in-band interference, resulting in significant power and efficiency losses
in some channels.
Although this precludes the use of baluns from any Doherty designs covering the full
UHF band, they can be used in solutions where the UHF band is divided into sub-bands,
as shown in figure 5c, where 120 MHz bandwidth is achievable.
90° Coupler:
Nowadays, in most cases the combiner used with UWD amplifiers is a 90° coupler, a
four-port device used either to equally split an input signal with a resultant 90° phase
shift between output ports or to combine two signals while maintaining high isolation
between the ports. This configuration ensures a high degree of isolation between the
two output ports and the two input ports without unwanted interaction between them. The
characteristics of the coupler are such that the direct, or 0 path isolates 2nd harmonic
reflections and the 90° path passes on 2nd harmonic reflections. This means that only
one amplifier will see a harmonic reflection - see fig 6a. When more 90° couplers are
used (see Fig. 6b: three couplers used) only one transistor out of four will see a full
reflection.
© Ampleon Netherlands B.V. 2016 All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part
is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information
presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, is believed
to be accurate and reliable and may be changed without notice. No liability will be accepted
by the publisher for any consequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey
nor imply any license under patent- or other industrial or intellectual property rights.
Posted June 1, 2018
