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January 1965 Electronics World
Table
of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Electronics World, published May 1959
- December 1971. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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The last time I
used 300 Ω twin-lead transmission cable for a television antenna is about 20
years ago when I lived in a fairly rural area and had a VHF/UHF aerial mounted on
a 20-foot tower with a rotator. Since then the connections have always been 75 Ω
coax either to wired cable or a satellite dish (now I have neither). I do, however
still have 300 Ω twin-lead running from my ½-wave dipole antenna that is
used for FM radio reception. Most people more than 40 years old remember seeing
the old twin lead running down across the house roof, down the side, and through
the living room wall. My guess is that little consideration was given to cable routing
and how it might affect the performance of the cable. Twin-lead cable is amazingly
low loss - typically much lower than coaxial cable - when properly suspended. Its
weakness is its vulnerability having its impedance altered by nearby structures.
Coaxial cable largely solves the proximity problem because in an ideal coaxial cable,
all the RF current flows on the outer surface of the center conductor and on the
inner surface of the outer shield. Author Mark Nelson conducted a simple experiment
to determine how twin-lead cable routing affects line loss. Impressively, twin-lead
cable is fairly tolerant of non-ideal routing as long as it remains dry and does
not lie close to ground.
Loss Figures for 300-Ohm Twin-Lead
Fig. 1 - Test setup for determining the characteristics of
typical 300-ohm transmission line under various conditions. Sweep generator "H"
output drives scope horizontal circuit.
By Mark L. Nelson
Catalogues usually give the characteristics of 300-ohm transmission lines in
free space. These figures will change considerably when used in actual installations.
Almost every TV antenna in the country uses 300-ohm twin-lead for the transmission
line. These transmission lines are installed with procedures that time and experience
have shown to be best. Other than experience, however, what do we really know about
300-ohm lines? What effect do water, metal, or close proximity to wood or the earth
itself have on 300-ohm transmission lines?
The only published figure the author found stated that the 300-ohm flat transmission
line has a loss of 1.7 db per 100 feet at 200 mc. (Ch. 11 = 198-204 mc.). Taken
quite literally, this means that a 200-mc. signal would travel through 353 feet
of 300-ohm twin-lead before losing 6 db, or 1/2 of its original voltage. This is
quite an achievement for such a low-cost transmission line. For all practical purposes,
though, this figure is useless because it is a computed, free-space loss that is
not valid in actual practice.
Fig. 2 - Results of six tests made on typical 300-ohm twin-lead.
Table of 300-ohm cable test results.
Lacking any further information, it was decided to find out exactly how good
300-ohm twin-lead is and the extent to which various practices affect its transmission
qualities.
Fig. 1 shows the test setup used to sweep the twin-lead over the TV frequencies
of interest (54-216 mc.)
The loss of the line at different frequencies, and under different conditions,
is determined by adjusting the variable attenuator until the detected outputs of
path A and B are equal as observed on the scope.
Using the test setup shown, a group of tests was made to determine loss vs frequency.
The 300-ohm transmission line used in these tests was 100 feet of Belden No. 8225.
Test 1. 100 feet of twin-lead was routed along a wooden wall, simulating a normal
installation with 3 1/2" screw insulators every ten feet.
Test 2. 50 feet of twin-lead was supported with insulators and 50 feet of twin-lead
was stapled with Romex staples across the line. Staples were placed five feet apart.
Test 3. 100 feet of twin-lead supported by wooden blocks was placed just above
ground level. Distance above ground was three feet at wooden supports and two feet
at mid-span between blocks.
Test 4. 100 feet of twin-lead was lying on the ground.
Test 5. 100 feet of twin-lead was installed as in Test 1 with the twin-lead running
through a three-foot section of aluminum weather stripping.
Test 6. 20 feet of twin-lead was soaked in water for two hours. The results were
multiplied by five to obtain the figures for 100 feet of line.
From the preceding experiments, the results shown in Fig. 2 were obtained.
(The figures take into consideration the matching losses from the matching transformers.)
Posted October 25, 2022
(updated from original post
on 2/16/2015)
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