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August 1959 Popular Electronics
 Table
of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Popular Electronics,
published October 1954 - April 1985. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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 The medical x-ray machine shown here reminds
me of the "Illudium Q-36 Explosive
Space Modulator" contraption
Marvin the Martian
wanted to use in "Hare-Way to the Stars" to disintegrate the Earth (because it blocks
his view of Venus). Of course our hero Bugs Bunny thwarts his plan, whereupon Marvin
asks, "Where's the kaboom?" Can you imagine being fraught with cancer and getting
strapped into a chair with that huge hypodermic-needle-looking thingy pointed at
you, as shown in this 1959 issue of Popular Electronics magazine? The
Caduceus
sword in the pic doesn't help matters, either. The trauma of such an experience
might have been worse than the treatment for some people. As usual the pioneers
took the arrows so that we can benefit from the treatments enjoyed today, and the
equipment does not look nearly as intimidating. See also "After Class: X-Rays" for
more info.
Electronics Against Cancer
 By R.E. Atkinson
Electronics faces its greatest challenge in the fight against cancer
X-ray machine made by G.E. provides two million volts of cancer-destroying power.
Once the word "cancer" was whispered. Now we say it firmly, as a challenge. People
are learning to spot the signs of early cancer, and are seeing their doctors regularly;
alert physicians are also detecting cancer in time to remove malignant growths before
they can spread. The situation is far from hopeless. Statistics show that more and
more people are being saved from cancer each year.
Dramatic examples of electronics being used to help mankind are found in the
battle against cancer. Electronic devices are invaluable in the diagnosis and treatment
of cancer, and more important, they promise to provide the key which will open the
door to an understanding of what causes normal cells to start multiplying wildly
and grow into malignant masses.
In the field of cancer diagnosis, radioactive chemicals injected into the blood
stream act as invisible bloodhounds which track down malignant tissue. In the treatment
of cancer, atoms and electrons are used to destroy cancerous areas, even those deep
within the body. Ultrasound, too, has been used to shatter malignant cells under
the skin. Electric shock has been employed in a few cases to relieve pain, and cancer
research leans heavily on electronic instruments such as the electron microscope.
Radioactive cobalt machines such as the one
shown above can produce radiations equal to those from a 3,000,000-volt X-ray. These
radiations destroy malignant tissues.
Examination of cells suspected of being cancerous is speeded
by the use of the cytoanalyzer. This device can tell if cells are normal (left circle)
or cancerous (right circle).
Photographs courtesy of American Cancer Society and National
Cancer Institute
Electron microscopes enable
researchers to see cell processes which are invisible to ordinary microscopes.
Research is also aided by the
use of the mass spectrometer. It measures the relative weights of molecules by electronic
means.
Cancer Therapy. A big gun in our anti-cancer arsenal was unveiled
this March at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, N. Y. A uranium-powered
1000-kilowatt atomic reactor has been completed for use in medical research and
treatment. The first reactor specially designed with medical uses in mind, the Brookhaven
installation is integrated with a research center and hospital. Cancer is its chief
target.
One of the experimental techniques that scientists at Brookhaven are working
on is a treatment called "neutron capture." Boron, a chemical which "captures" a
large number of neutrons, is carefully injected into the patient's blood stream.
After the boron is carried by the blood to an area known to be cancerous, neutron
particles from the atomic reactor are beamed directly at the tumor area. When neutrons
strike the boron, the resulting radiation kills the tumorous tissue with little
damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Treatment is promising, scientists report,
but is still in the research stage.
Most powerful of all the weapons against cancer is a kind of X-ray machine called
a "synchrotron." While X-ray machines used in cancer therapy in the past generated
250,000 volts, the University of California synchrotron generates an X-ray beam
amounting to 70 million volts. The synchrotron's high power is equivalent to penetration
power and is of value when a tumor is located deep within the body. Of course, brute
force is not enough. The problem in treating cancer with X-rays is to destroy the
cancer tissue and leave the adjacent healthy tissue undamaged. Consequently, although
the synchrotron produces enormous power, its accuracy in focusing beams of cancer-killing
X-rays is a marvel of engineering.
Cancer Can Be Cured. In the therapy of cancer with X-rays and
other methods, the primary interest is in curing the patient outright. The Cured
Cancer Congress, which met recently in Washington, D. C., is living testimony that
cancer can be cured. To qualify as a member of the Cured Cancer Congress, a cancer
victim must have had no sign of the disease for five or more years after treatment.
This year 40 delegates represented almost one million Americans cured of cancer.
Many of these people would not be alive today if it weren't for medical electronics.
For example, Mrs. Richard A. Flacco of Bellflower, Calif., received surgical treatment
of an abdominal cancer after X-rays revealed it in time for early care; follow-up
radiation treatment finished the job. Mrs. Flacco leads a normal life today and
two of her three children have been born since the surgery was performed.
Just as early and accurate diagnosis was so important to Mrs. Flacco, it is vital
to the well-being of hundreds of thousands of people. One of the most promising
electronic diagnostic devices is the "cytoanalyzer." Cancer cells have a peculiar
center, or nucleus, by which they may be identified, and the cytoanalyzer looks
at slides of cells and measures their degree of density from nucleus to outer edges.
Thus, it is capable of determining which cells are cancerous.
The cytoanalyzer is many times faster than a human lab technician, scanning each
slide in less than one fifth of a millisecond. In a test recently reported by the
National Cancer Institute, the cytoanalyzer was fed over 1000 slides to analyze.
Technicians had already determined that 20 of these slides contained specimens of
cancer cells. The cytoanalyzer detected everyone of these slides, and also labeled
a few others as "suspicious."
The radioactive isotope - another diagnostic aid - has been called a hitchhiker
with a walkie-talkie. If it finds cancer, it reports back to an isotope counter.
Here's how it works. After scientists find chemicals that are especially attracted
to cancer tissues in certain parts of the body, they "tag" them with a small dose
of radioactivity.
For example, thyroid tissue has a special thirst for iodine. If offshoots of
thyroid cancer travel to any part of the body, they, too, attract more iodine than
do other tissues. A patient thought to have thyroid cancer is injected with radioactive
iodine and is then placed under a scanner - an isotope counter. As the patient is
moved under the scanner, impulses from the radioactive iodine indicate the areas
in which bits of thyroid cancer have begun to grow. Often, with early detection,
it is possible to remove these stray growths.
Possible Signs of Early Cancer
1. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere.
2. Unusual bleeding or discharge from body opening.
3. Persistent indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.
4. Unexplained changes in bowel or bladder habits.
5. Persistent hoarseness or cough.
6. Changes in color or size of a mole or a wart.
7. Any sore that does not heal promptly.
Don't wait for symptoms to become painful; pain is not an early cancer sign.
Have a complete physical examination at least once a year.
Cancer Research. Why does a cell go berserk and start multiplying
wildly? Do germs upset the cell's own control centers? Does some chemical imbalance
cause the cellular havoc we call cancer? In seeking the answers to these questions,
the researcher would be almost helpless without electronic instruments to extend
the limits of his perception. In addition to the many devices which are useful in
detecting and treating cancer, electron microscopes and other electronically controlled
instruments are now enabling us to study the structure of the cell itself. Such
devices may turn up the clue which will lead to an understanding of the behavior
of cancer cells.
Progress in cancer-therapy techniques has already raised the life-saving rate
from one in four to one in three. But it is possible even today, says the American
Cancer Society, to save half of all the people stricken by cancer by early diagnosis
and treatment. Eventually, we will find out exactly what cancer is, why it starts,
and how to cure it. Until that time, medical electronics will continue to face its
sternest challenge, the conquest of cancer.
Posted July 21, 2022
(updated from original post on 3/7/2012)
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