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May 1973 Popular Electronics
 Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Popular Electronics,
published October 1954 - April 1985. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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It is hard to imagine a time when
integrated circuit (IC) comparators were a big deal, but as recently as 1973 when this
article appeared in Popular Electronics, they were new to a designer's bag of
tricks. Prior to an IC solution, comparators needed to be constructed from opamps and
a handful of peripheral biasing components. As with other integrated circuits, not only
does the overall price go down, but so does circuit board real estate, cost, temperature
variability, and electrical parameter variance between devices. The first comparator
circuit I remember designing was a temperature sensor that went in an oven used for curing
the potting material on prototype hybrid circuits our lab was building with wire-bonded
bare die and RLC's. It used the LM339 (leaded DIP) mentioned in this article to trigger a timer circuit
for beginning a controlled cool-down profile needed to prevent the epoxy from ripping
bonds off as it shrank. I was still a technician at the time, and thought it was a heap
big deal that it actually worked.
Solid-State Scene: IC Comparators and Op Amps
 By Walter G. Jung
Our Solid-State Scene this month focuses on two key developments in the IC world -
new types of quad comparators and op amps. Although these classes of devices serve different
functions, they are in a sense related because both are members of the linear IC family
and they operate by differential comparison. Further, they use some similar circuitry
and are designed for building-block use in systems with single power supplies. Chances
are that, once you become acquainted with these two new devices and what they can do,
you'll find them useful additions to your bag of tricks.
 New Quad Comparators. The op amp is probably
familiar to most of us, but the comparator may be new to some. A comparator is simply
a high-gain amplifier designed to compare two inputs. Like the op amp, a comparator has
differential inputs, both inverting (-) and noninverting (+) with respect to a single
output. Beyond this, however, the devices differ. A comparator is not used with negative
feedback, whereas the op amp usually is. In a typical application for a comparator, a
fixed (reference) voltage is applied to one input and a varying voltage (either ac or
dc) to the other input. The output will then change states as the varying input voltage
crosses the fixed reference level. The device answers the logic question, "Is the input
greater or less than the reference?" The relative states of the inputs are then indicated
by the output - either high or low.
Fig. 1 - Basic action of a comparator.
Fig. 2 - One section of a quad comparator.
In the example shown in Fig. 1, a fixed 1-volt dc level is applied to the (+) input
while a sine wave is applied to the (-) input. When Ein is less than +1 V,
the output is high. As Ein rises and passes +1 V, the output switches states,
going from high to low. Typically, a comparator is capable of a wide range of input levels
(allowing it to be used with a wide range of input voltages) and its output is compatible
with one or more forms of logic.
Applications for comparators include level detectors (such as Fig. 1), sine/square-wave
converters, phase detectors, oscillators, multi-vibrators, and a host of other switching
circuits based on the level-detection principle.
Multiplying a useful basic idea by four, Motorola and National Semiconductor have
recently introduced quad comparators in single 14-pin packages. Motorola's chip is the
MC3302P, while National has a series composed of LM139, LM239, and LM339 (the main difference
among the three being temperature range).
What is unique about these devices as compared to previous ones? Well, they operate
from ingle or dual power supplies over a wide range. They also have a very low power
drain and their outputs can be used with all forms of logic. A very unusual feature is
the pnp input stage (Fig. 2) which allows the input to be biased at ground level - even
with a single power supply and no additional bias. Outputs of the comparators are open-collector
npn stages - a handy feature for connecting a number of devices in parallel for combined
logic functions.
All devices mentioned are available in 14-pin packages.
Quad Op Amps. We have mentioned a family relationship between the
new comparators and op amps. National's new LM124, LM224, LM324, and LM2902 are the op
amp relatives. They also feature that neat pnp input stage which allows such a wide range
of input voltages. These devices are also designed for a single power supply (or a dual
supply) and have low bias current.
These chips are in many respects like the popular 741, and for many applications,
may be used as such. For instance their gain is about 100 dB; bandwidth is 1 MHz; and
the amplifiers are internally compensated. All of these factors simplify their use considerably.
Pin arrangement on these devices is different from the previously announced quad op amp
(LM3900) and is shown in Fig. 3. This is a symmetrical layout with outputs at the four
corners of the 14-pin package. The power supply pins are used as a screen between the
two amplifier sets.
Fig. 3 - Pin connections for op amps.
It has been said that the op amp is the most universal circuit component in existence.
Now, universality acquires a new dimension - four universal components. Single-unit prices
for the commercial grade comparators and op amps are: MC3302P, $1.20; LM339N, $5.70;
LM324N, $3.75.
Programmable Comparator. RCA has just introduced an interesting new
IC: the CA3099E programmable comparator with memory. This chip is a combination of high-
and low-voltage level sensors, a flip-flop (for memory), a driver, and a 150-mA output
stage. It is capable of performing a variety of functions and has built-in voltage and
current regulation. The device can be externally programmed for adjustment of performance
and is designed as a control element for high-current loads such as thyristors, relays,
lamps, etc. Applications include heater controllers, photosensitive relays, motor controllers,
level detectors, time delays and one shots, and over-voltage, over-current and/or over-temperature
protection. The device comes in a 14-pin dual in-line package.
Optic Couplers with 4N Classification.
Have you ever been confused by the proliferation of numbers for LED (light-emitting
diode) phototransistor electrooptic couplers? Motorola has recently taken a big step
toward standardization of these devices by registration of former device numbers MOC1000,
MOC1001, MOC1002, and MOC1003. The newly numbered devices are the 4N2S, 4N26, 4N27, and
4N28. Isolation voltage ratings range from 500 V (min) with the 4N28 to 2.5 kV (min)
with the 4N25. Types 4N25 and 4N26 feature a 5-mA output current while the 4N27 and 4N28
achieve 3 mA, both ratings with a 10-mA input. All units are in 6-lead dual in-line packages
with prices beginning at $1.50 for the 4N28.
Power Transistors. Quite a number of new power transistors have been
recently introduced by Texas Instruments. The devices cover a variety of packages and
voltage ratings, both single transistor and power Darlington, in high voltage and complementary
form.
The TIP620, TIP621, and TIP622 are npn power Darlingtons with voltage ratings of 60,
80, and 100 V respectively. The pnp complements are TIP625, TIP626, and TIP627. All units
can dissipate 100 watts, have a gain of 1000 at 3 A, and come in TO-3 metal packages.
For higher voltage applications, there are the plastic-packaged TIP55 through TIP58
(250, 300, 350, and 400 V), while the TIP554, TIP555, and TIP556 come in TO-3 metal packages
with ratings of 200, 300, and 400 V. All units have a 125-watt dissipation rating. The
plastic devices can handle 7.5 A, maximum, while the metal versions are rated at 5 A.
Nine high-voltage Darlington devices have also been introduced. The TIP150, 151, and
152 are in TO-66 plastic packages, rated at 2 A and 200, 300, and 400 V, respectively.
The TIP160-162 come in TO-3 plastic packages, while the TIP660-662 come in TO-3 metal
packages. Current ratings for these two sets are 5 A at 200, 300, and 400 V. The TIP150-152
have gains of 500 at 1.5 A, while the remaining units have the same gain at 3 A. Power
ratings for the three different packages are 50, 125, and 150 watts.
Further Information. For further information on any of the devices
mentioned above, write to their manufacturers at the following addresses:
Motorola Semiconductor Products
P.O. Box 20912
Phoenix, AZ 85036
National Semiconductor
2900 Semiconductor Dr.
Santa Clara, CA 95051
RCA Solid State Division
Box 3200
Somerville, NJ 08876
Posted February 22, 2018
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