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October 1965 Popular Electronics
 Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Popular Electronics,
published October 1954 - April 1985. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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Credit for being the first
to accomplish any notable feat, whether in sports, medicine, science, aviation, etc.,
is constantly being challenged. Some contestations are worthy of consideration based
on documented facts, while others can be readily dismissed as crockery.
Gustave Whitehead,
per anti-Wright Brothers zealots, made the first powered airplane flight. The Vikings
landed in America centuries prior to Columbus - supposedly. Many stories have been written
claiming that Dr. Mahlon Loomis, a dentist, beat Guglielmo Marconi in the wireless communications
race by using a system of kites that took on a charge from overhead clouds. A keying device opened and closed a conductive path to ground for
effecting the Morse code.
Loomis performed his experiments a year before Marconi's success. So convinced was Virginia
U.S. congressman Howard Smith that he initiated a joint resolution in the House of
Representatives as official recognition. History books have not been rewritten and postage
stamps not recalled based on the action. I wonder if any of Dr. Loomis' patients picked
up his Morse code wireless messages on loose
tooth fillings? Remember this episode of
Gilligan's Island?
Here are all the various radios used on the show.
The Real Inventor of Wireless
 By Thomas Appleby, W3AX
Increasing evidence points to the fact that the
first wireless signaling system was developed by a previously unknown inventor who is
finally receiving recognition for his great achievement
Everyone knows that Marconi invented the wireless. We are taught it in grammar school,
although we may not remember the date - 1896. But was Marconi actually the first person
to invent and demonstrate a system of wireless communication? Who, then? Maxwell? Hertz?
Chances are you won't find the name of Dr. Mahlon Loomis anywhere under wireless telegraphy
in your encyclopedia. It belongs there - and the date to remember is 1864.
It was not until 1865 that Maxwell published his theory of electromagnetic waves in
space, and Hertz apparently did not get around to experimentally confirming Maxwell's
theory until 1887. In 1896, Marconi made a practical device of it by inventing the antenna.
But back in 1864, Dr. Mahlon Loomis, a dentist by profession and an inventor by avocation,
made a sketch of a vertical top-capacity-loaded aerial with a keying device and an indicator,
all in series to ground. He also wrote a brief description of how the system would operate
to "remit shocks (to the atmosphere) affecting a distant reciprocating apparatus."
At that time, Loomis had absolutely nothing relating to electromagnetic radiation
that he could refer to for inspiration. He came up with a complete system of wireless
communication before the natural phenomenon was known or understood. This is attested
to by Dr. Loomis's own notebooks and other sketches, as well as old newspaper clippings.
On July 30, 1872, a patent (No. 129,971) was granted Loomis on his system by the United
States Government.
The First Transmission. In 1866 Dr. Loomis went out to Bear's Den
in the Blue Ridge mountains near Bluemont, Virginia, where he elevated a 600-foot aerial
wire by means of a kite. He partially covered the kite with fine copper wire mesh connected
to the aerial wire for top-loading purposes. This was the first instance of top-loading
capacity being used with an aerial.
Between his aerial wire and ground connection, Loomis connected a keying device, which
doubled as a spark-gap, and an indicating device. The aerial became charged from the
overhead clouds and a "spark" occurred at the key points whenever the key was operated.
Oscillations raced up and down the aerial wire, radiating electromagnetic waves into
space.
An assistant of Dr. Loomis went to a spur of the Catoctin mountains 18 miles away,
also in Virginia, just across a bridge over the Potomac at Point of Rocks, Maryland.
There, an exact duplicate of the first station was set up. Both aerials were of exactly
the same length and characteristics. While Loomis apparently did not understand high
frequency currents - he may not even have known that they existed - he had a notion that
both systems should be identical.
Starting at a given moment, and for a predetermined period of time, Dr. Loomis sent
a series of impulses from Bear's Den by tapping the end of his aerial wire to the binding
post of his grounded indicating device. His associate 18 miles away had been instructed
to disconnect the aerial wire from the duplicate instrument after the original "transmitting"
period was over, and to tap back the exact number of impulses that had been received.
At the same time, Loomis connected his aerial wire to his indicating device.
Dr. Loomis states in one of his notebooks that the exact number of impulses were received
back from the distant station, and further that the series of transmissions was repeated
a number of times for positive verification.
He also noted that when dark clouds gathered above his 600-foot aerial, too much electricity
was collected from the atmosphere. There was so much electricity, in fact, that he had
to shut down operations until the clouds moved away and weather conditions became more
favorable.
The Time In Between. There are a few more dates for the encyclopedias
and the history books. Numerous other similar experiments were conducted over a period
of years, and in 1869 Dr. Loomis petitioned Congress for a grant of $50,000 with which
to commercialize his wireless system. This petition was shuttled from committee to committee
for over a year, and then indefinitely postponed.
In 1873, the year after he received his patent, Dr. Loomis was incorporated by Congress
as the Loomis Aerial Telegraph Company, with an authorized capital stock of $200,000
and the privilege of increasing it to $2,000,000 if the interest of the company should
require it. The Bill was signed by President Ulysses S. Grant.
Dr. Loomis tried in vain to sell sufficient stock to put his invention to practical
commercial use. His inability to do so was undoubtedly due to two national financial
panics (so-called "Black Friday's") and the Great Chicago Fire which wiped out the fortunes
of bankers in New York, Boston, and Chicago, who were about to finance him.
Nor would most people believe in him. He was so far ahead of his time that even his
wife called him crazy, because he neglected his profession as a dentist and spent his
money on wireless experiments. He died in 1886 at the age of 60.
Recognition. Efforts are now under way to see that Dr. Loomis receives
official recognition for his work in the field of wireless telegraphy. A joint resolution
was introduced in the 88th Congress by Congressman Smith of Virginia, but not passed.
It is hoped that by the time this article is in print, the resolution will have been
reintroduced in the present Congress.
88th Congress 2nd Session
H J RES 1181
In the House of Representatives
September 24, 1964
Mr. Smith of Virginia introduced the following joint resolution; which was referred
to the Committee on the Judiciary
Joint Resolution
Memorializing Doctor Mahlon Loomis.
Whereas Doctor Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist and inventor, in 1864 invented the
first wireless telegraph communication system and subsequently demonstrated it in Bluemont,
Virginia, in 1866; and
Whereas Dr. Loomis obtained a United States patent on his wireless system in 1872,
the first patent ever issued on a system of wireless signaling; and
Whereas Doctor Loomis' invention and demonstration of wireless communication preceded
by several years the developmental work of others in the field of radio; and
Whereas, during his lifetime, Doctor Loomis did not receive credit for and recognition
of his outstanding achievement which was the forerunner of radio communication as it
is known today: Now, therefore, be it
1 Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate
2 concurring), That the Congress hereby recognizes, on behalf
3 of the American people, the foresight, ingenuity, and out-
4 standing achievement of Doctor Mahlon Loomis in being
5 the first person to invent and demonstrate a system of wire-
6 less communication.
The author has done considerable research on the life and work of Dr. Loomis, and
has co-authored a book entitled "Mahlon Loomis, Birth of Wireless" with George M. Applegate.
This book is as yet unpublished. All readers who would be interested in obtaining a copy
of it are requested to write to: Thomas Appleby, Cdr. USNR. Retired, 5415 Connecticut
Ave., N.W., Washington 15, D.C.
Posted May 9, 2018
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