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September 1947 Radio-Craft
 [Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Craft,
published 1929 - 1953. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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As I have written often, Hugo
Gernsback was one of the electronics industry's most prolific authors, inventors,
and innovators. In this 1947 article in his Radio-Craft magazine, he proposes using
printed components in place of leaded resistors. In fact, he sold printed resistive
cards through his Radio Specialty Company (Rasco) that could be
cut into whatever size was needed to achieve the required amount resistance based
on a certain ohms/square value. He also mentions creating printed inductors on Bakelite
and even fashioning variable-coupling transformers with a pair of inductor plates
sliding relative to each other, similar to capacitive "variometers" used for tuning
RF circuits. Not to neglect the possibility of capacitors, Gernsback suggests possibly
spraying a thin conductive coating on paper and then rolling multiple layers into
a tubular form, achieving a smaller form factor per unit capacitance that what was
currently being achieved. Single- and double-sided printed circuit boards were already
being used for some high volume, compact portions of assemblies, and he proposes
improving methods to eventually replace much of the manually intensive point-to-point
wiring being done in factories to make smaller products while saving assembly cost
and reducing miswirings. Such a scheme would also make servicing easier, faster,
and less expensive since a technician could simply substitute faulty subassemblies
with low cost factory replacements. Little did he expect that the day would eventually
arrive where most broken electronic products would be simply discarded and replaced
with newer, more capable versions because the cost would be lower.
Vintage soldering irons for electronics work.
Interestingly, when transistorized circuits first began appearing in televisions
and radios, many service shops were not happy with them due to the smaller parts
being more difficult to handle and the frequent lifting of metal traces lifting
from PCBs when their standard equipment soldering irons designed to join copper
rain guttering were used.
Printed Radios - Big Changes on the Way
 By Hugo Gernsback
When radio was young and known as "wireless," we used to buy our various radio
components, tubes, variable condensers, tuning coils, etc., and assemble them on
a breadboard. We then proceeded to wire the components in exactly the same manner
in which electrical instruments always have been wired. In the early days practically
all radio components had some sort of binding posts to which connections were made.
Soon when hundreds of thousands of people wanted radio receivers, the same components
were still used, but the binding posts and screw connections no longer could pass
muster. The reason was that such connections were not sufficiently good electrically
and soon became loose due to temperature variations, vibration, etc. Then the set
became inoperative.
The binding posts now gave way to the soldered connection. This proved a step
forward because such connections were made faster; dozens of connections were quickly
made once the soldering iron was hot. This method is still in vogue today under
mass production conditions of radio set manufacture.
Later on when it became necessary to turn out thousands of radio receivers daily,
radio manufacturers borrowed a few tricks from the automobile makers and began to
assemble radio sets on an endless belt where special operators, standing along the
production line, made a few soldered connections as the radio chassis moved by them.
The solderers had to work fast, and at the same time the soldered connections
had to be perfect, too. Thus we see the modern radio chassis moving on long belts,
each operator doing his assigned part until the final, completely assembled and
soldered chassis comes off the production line, which then goes to the testing benches.
During the war, when speed in assembling and compactness of certain radio and
radar sets became a paramount consideration, new ways and means had to be developed
in order to turn out a rigidly perfect product in a minimum of time.
Engineers pored over already existing patents to find ways and means to do away
with wiring entirely. In their search they came across a number of patents dating
back to the early 30's wherein some inventors had foreseen just such an eventuality
and had patented solderless and wireless radio receivers. These inventors recalled
that it was not necessary, for instance, to use a three-dimensional resistor because
in the early days of radio when the audion first was invented by de Forest,
a high-resistance grid leak, having a resistance of several hundred thousand ohms,
was fashioned in a very simple manner. All that was necessary was to trace on a
small card, such as a visiting card, a heavy pencil line and then make connections
with two brass clips on each side of the pencil line. This pencil line was the resistor.
Later on the pencil line gave way to an India ink line traced by means of a pen
on paper. Connections were made with metal clips, or similar means.
 But it was a laborious process to trace
such lines, particularly if you needed a lot of resistors. So in the early 20's
the present writer, then owner of the Radio Specialty Company of New York, started
to sell small cards, impregnated with a special carbon ink. These 3" x 4" cards
were sold at the low price of 15c. You merely cut off strips for various resistances.
Thus a strip 3/4" long by 1/8" wide gave exactly one megohm. This probably was the
first printed radio component.
Later on engineers began to think along parallel lines. The idea of printing
the wiring and various other components no longer seemed far-fetched. It was found,
for instance, that you could take a sheet of Bakelite, or other plastic, and electroplate
such a sheet with a maze of connecting lines in order to fashion a "chassis" on
which radio parts could be screwed down. The electro-plated lines had now become
the connecting wires.
Several other methods were developed in addition to electroplating. A number
of prominent ink houses found that an intricate mass of wiring could be printed
on an insulating sheet by means of a special high-conduction ink. These printed
ink lines were the connecting wires. If certain of the lines were not sufficiently
conductive to carry the necessary amount of current, the ink lines could be plated
or sprayed with copper or other metal.
Another process tried was that of depositing metallic silver on an insulating
sheet. The silver can be deposited chemically or electrochemically; it can also
be painted on ceramics.* Silver being our best conductor, a very good connection
was thus fashioned, in fact, as good as a solid copper wire.
By means of these various methods an entirely new art is now being developed.
The radio chassis of the future will have all its wiring permanently printed in
place. Then when the chassis comes to the assembling line the . radio receiver can
be put together in a small fraction of the time it takes to do by the present methods.
Inventors found that while it is easy to print or plate on an insulating sheet,
more difficult is the problem of lines that must cross each other. Naturally, you
cannot print or plate cross "wiring-lines" on the same surface, because this would
cause short-circuits.
Inventors got around this by placing the connection lines on both sides of the
sheet. Thus there can be no short-circuit, yet all the "wiring" can be put in place.
Now when two connection lines cross each other, they cross with a solid sheet of
insulating material between them.
After that problem was solved, radio engineers asked themselves why they should
stop with the connection lines. So they began to evolve printed components. Just
as the writer originally printed grid-leak resistors, so now engineers are beginning
to print on the chassis certain resistors, using special inks for the process. It
is conceivable that in due time most of our resistors on our radio chassis will
be printed instead of being three-dimensional.
Inductors also are simple to print. We already have printed or plated helices,
which work just as well, if not better, than three-dimensional ones.
It seems quite possible that actual tuning will be done in the near future, where
two spiral line inductances are printed on two separate thin insulating sheets.
Then tuning can be accomplished by sliding one sheet over the other. A somewhat
similar method was used many years ago in our old-time variometers.
It is conceivable that cheap radios of the future will have some such variometer-tuning
which will entirely do away with variable condensers.
Built-in antennas can be easily fashioned in the above described manner simply
by printing or plating the antenna spiral inductance.
TThis brings us to the capacitors, or condensers, used in radio sets. Is it possible
to use printed capacitors in the radio set of the future? We believe so, particularly
with the smaller capacitors.
The manner in which radio condensers are mass-produced today is probably as efficient
and economical as can be done by the plating or printing method. Yet there may be
exceptions here, too, particularly with those condensers which must take up a minimum
of room. No matter how thin you roll aluminum or tin foil (as used in present-day
condensers), it still takes up quite a bit of room, particularly where the capacity
of the condenser is high. Perhaps it will be more economical and practical to print
on the dielectric such as wax-paper, with a conducting link. Then after the condenser
is rolled up in the usual fashion, it will be much thinner than the metal-foil type.
(Incidentally, the Germans perfected a metal sprayed paper for condensers, during
the war.) Printed condensers of this type probably will be used sooner or later
in our pocket radio sets where even a 64th of an inch thickness of a component becomes
a big factor. Such a condenser also will have its uses in many military radios,
pocket transceivers, proximity-fuse radios, miniature radars, etc.
The matter of connecting the various components to the printed components has
taken much ingenuity to solve. When, for instance, your chassis with its printed
connections, its printed inductances, and its printed resistors are ready for final
assembly, it is still necessary to make further connections such as the radio tubes.
The tube prongs must be connected in a positive manner to the printed or plated
connections. This problem, however, has already been solved and new improvements
are being made right along.
Special brass ferules with flanges are used to make positive connections that
need not necessarily be soldered. These brass ferules, or fingers, made of a hard
springy brass, that is always under tension, are forced through certain prefabricated
holes. When these brass fingers, or clips, are then machined into place they make
a permanent and excellent contact with the plated or printed strips. Then when the
radio tube is inserted in the usual manner there will be no loose connections.
It has been found that printed resistors do not change appreciably over a long
period of time. The expansion and contraction coefficient is very small and there
is practically no deterioration. All of this can be further safe-guarded by placing
a final insulating lamination on top of the printed or plated connections so that
all dust is kept out. Now the chassis with all of its printed resistors, components,
and connecting strips is hermetically sealed; no moisture or dust can get in between
the two sheets.
This can be further improved if the set is to work in the tropics. For instance,
by sealing the edges off with some special compound the entire chassis is made moisture-
or water-proof.
Why is this new radio development so important at present? It is of a purely
economic nature. Radios are selling today for more than 50% above their price before
the war. And it is axiomatic that the more labor is expended on a radio receiver
the more expensive it will be. In the United States, as everywhere else in the world
today, it is not the cost of the materials that makes the price of the radio set.
It is the high cost of labor which is many times that of the materials. Hence, it
can be seen how important the new printed radio development is and how anxious the
radio industry is today to convert to this type of radio as fast as possible.
Not only will the printed radio receiver be much lower in price, but it is an
ideal article for mass production under present-day conditions.**
There is another even more important consideration, i.e., the servicing of radio
sets. Today when a radio serviceman services a receiver and locates the trouble
it becomes a matter of labor to put the set into operating condition again. Sometimes
when it is difficult to locate the trouble it may take several hours to find it,
for which time the serviceman must charge. There may be troubles such as intermittent
contacts and other "bugs" which makes it most difficult to locate the trouble.
Now let us consider the printed radio of the future and note how it will be serviced.
Forward-looking engineers already have visualized a radio chassis with all the major
components except the loudspeaker, tubes, etc. The entire chassis will be composed
of a few insulating laminations less than a half-inch thick. This, then, is the
future chassis of your radio. It can be snapped into position in a few seconds and
snapped out again if desired.
In the future when the serviceman finds burned out resistors, or some other trouble
that is likely to mean several hours of work, he simply will snap out the laminated-sheet
chassis, throw it aside and snap in a new chassis. Such a replacement chassis should
not cost the serviceman more than $1.00, even for a 6-tube superheterodyne. In a
matter of seconds the set will play again. When the chassis is put back into its
cabinet, as far as the serviceman is concerned, the job is finished. The old chassis
is simply discarded, as it will not pay anyone to spend much repair time on it;
it could not be taken apart successfully anyway without special tools. As the new
chassis costs very little, the customer practically gets a new set for very little
money.
Many books can and will be written on the subject of printed radios. While we
have described the new technique only sketchily for the purpose of this article,
the reader should understand that we still are at the beginning of this revolutionary
radio idea. During the next few years many other improvements will be added to this
new art.
** See also article "Why No 'Postwar' Radios?" by H. Gernsback, August, 1946
* See article "New Subminiature Printed Circuits," June, 1947 Radio-Craft.
Posted July 3, 2020
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