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August 1949 Radio-Electronics
 [Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Electronics,
published 1930-1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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There is no denying that
in 19th and 20th Century America and most other industrialized countries, non-white
males dominated the academic, commercial, and industrial design and service workforce.
Societal norms were much different in those times, and the truth is most women did
not desire to enter into the "professional" market. Many performed low skill labor
and assembly functions, serving an essential yet less demanding role in providing
goods and services for the world. This 1949 "Lady Television Engineer" story appearing
in Radio-Electronics magazine celebrated Tex Barbarite as a ground-breaking
and glass-ceiling-breaking woman in the commercial television broadcast industry.
As was common in the era, Ms. Barbarite's public platform was used to give
encouraging insight into her path to success - not to complain and dwell on resistance
met in her effort. BTW, would it be politically incorrect to point out, as evidenced
by the complaints of others, that it was mostly White males who envisioned and created
the most of the western world (and elsewhere) in the past couple centuries - the same group currently
being freely demonized in media, industry, and academia for their gender and race.
Lady Television Engineer - Cover Story
The author repairs a camera.
By Tex Barbarite
Maintaining an electronic exhibit like the Radio Corporation of America's Exhibition
Hall in the heart of Radio City, New York, means a great deal more than replacing
knobs and pilot lights removed by souvenir hunters. It includes turning a bushing
on a lathe as well as answering the queries of John Q. Public on AM, FM, and television.
My engineering bent was formed in my early childhood. My hobby throughout my
younger days, until I was enrolled in a girl's private school, followed radio lines.
My three brothers and I constructed our own crystal sets. When crystal sets were
outgrown, we graduated to vacuum-tube circuits. When I entered the girls school,
I found myself very unhappy because the administration felt that science and mathematics
were unnecessary subjects for a girl. Finishing secondary school, I decided to go
to the Texas College of Mines in El Paso to study for a degree in mathematics. There
I received a scholarship to study electrical engineering at Purdue University. At
Purdue my interest was spurred by the the fact that the field of engineering, hitherto
dominated by men, was being opened to women by the wartime shortage of men.
From school I went to RCA in Camden, N. J., and worked in the Television Terminal
Equipment Design Laboratories. This division handled design for the microwave transmitter,
distribution amplifiers, video amplifiers, synchronizing generators, image orthicon
and iconoscope cameras, and all associated equipment.
Having little knowledge of television, I took advantage of courses the company
offered in night school. In the laboratory we operated our own experimental transmitter,
W3XEP, for which I got my commercial phone license. This provided all-around experience
- students served as announcers, projectionists, cameramen, station engineers, and
in other essential positions. At that time I was also teaching basic theory and
code to Civil Air Patrol cadets. This background was the basis for my transfer to
the RCA Exhibition Hall when it opened in New York in April, 1947.
The most important exhibit here is the television field camera mounted in a "See
Yourself" display. This camera (see cover), used in conjunction with the field power
supply, sync generator, and camera control, utilizes an image orthicon tube. Highly
sensitive, it is most useful where low light levels are available. When the camera
is in use, the cover can be removed and the view-finder attached on top of the camera.
A plug receptacle provides all the connections between the two units. The viewfinder
is a monitor using a 5FP4A kinescope. The sides of the camera are hinged to give
access to the unit for maintenance and servicing. Selection of anyone of four lenses
is made possible by a rotating turret controlled by a handle at the rear of the
camera.
Orthicon Ingenious
A partial cross section of the image orthicon, showing path of
the electrons.
I consider the image orthicon one of the most interesting and ingenious pieces
of equipment I have ever worked with. By means of the lens system, the optical image
is focused on the semi-transparent photocathode, which is at a high negative potential
with respect to ground.
The radial electric field produced by the accelerator grid between photo-cathode
and target, and the axial magnetic field produced by the focus coil around the tube,
assures proper focusing of the photoelectrons on the target.
If nonuniformity exists in either electric or magnetic field, the result is what
is commonly known as S distortion.
As a well-focused beam of low-velocity electrons strikes the target (see drawing),
enough electrons are deposited on the target to make it negative to the remaining
electrons in the beam and repel them. The potential that any point on the target
will reach is termed the "equilibrium potential." The beam is kept constant, and
the electrons turned back are attracted to the rear end of the tube which is at
the highest positive potential. The final function of the tube is to amplify the
"picture information" in the returning electron beam. Several multiplier dynodes
are used, each at a higher potential than the previous one. From the last dynode
(there are five) the electrons are attracted toward the collector mesh (signal plate),
connected to an external load resistor.
New Exhibit Projects
Projects in the making here in the Showroom include a monoscope camera and a
master monitor, both to be installed in the control-room racks. The monoscope camera
is a camera with the test pattern on the mosaic of the iconoscope. The pattern is
composed of carbon deposited on an aluminum plate. The carbon and aluminum have
different emission characteristics. Electrons emitted by the scanning of the pattern
are collected on the wall of the monoscope tube. This coating is at a positive potential
with respect to the pattern, but is a.c.-coupled to ground. Therefore, the picture
signal appears between plate and ground. The master monitor uses a 10-inch kinescope
and a 5-inch oscilloscope and is adaptable to the supervision of composite picture
signals at any stage of our transmission. A switching arrangement on the monitor
allows it to be used as a control unit for the film camera chain. Both master monitor
and monoscope must be wired for power and for our type of switching system, and
adjusted for optimum operation.
Working as a maintenance engineer for the Promotion Department is not all repair
work - not for a girl anyway. Once I was called on to don my best dress and attend
a champagne cocktail party fashion show at the Ritz. I had to forego the champagne,
however, as my job was to set up and operate a PA system for playing records. Another
time I purchased and installed an inverter for Mrs. John McCormack, widow of the
famous Irish tenor. I even entertained the mayor and his wife from my home town
in Texas. It's all in a day's work.
Reaction of the public to a female technician is varied and amusing. I seldom
talk to visitors; but, in the two years and more that I have been at the Exhibition
Hall, just about every conceivable reaction has come to me. I'm not siding with
my sex, but women, by far, are easier to talk to than men. The women know nothing
about radio and don't pretend to, whereas too many men are out to "stump the experts."
Men also seem reluctant to talk to women about a medium that used to be exclusively
theirs.
Public Pours out Troubles
Many people come here to complain about the operation of their radios. The majority
of these cases do not require a technician, but some instruction and a little public
relations. A full recitation of the circumstances usually paints an entirely new
picture. But service technicians do know of instances where Junior has dropped the
new radio in the brook while the 90-day guarantee was still effective. Other set
owners complain because the A-batteries of their portable receivers have gone dead
before the end of the guarantee of the radio, or that the portables won't play in
a steel-constructed building. Then there are our friends of the would-be-technician
type who are at leisure and want to use all of ours picking up what they didn't
learn in school.
Recently, I spent two weeks in Camden, N. J., at RCA's home office, learning
the latest television circuits and techniques. Most important to me was the antenna
information. Service and installation men will be glad to hear of the Woodward antenna
which receives signals from only one direction at a time. Not an answer to any and
all reception difficulties, it is most effective in cutting down co-channel interference
when the receiver is located in a fringe area between two transmitters. Consisting
of an array of four 8-foot dipoles in the form of a square, with the opposite members
8 feet apart, the antenna can be made to receive from one direction or the other
by flipping a switch at the receiver. Interconnection of the dipoles through a diplexing
network makes this one-way reception possible. Efficient reception on high bands
is achieved by "shortening" the dipole with V's fastened to each leg.
Of special interest to the radio amateur is the TV interference suppressor recently
developed by Captain John L. Reinartz of RCA's tube department in Harrison, N. J.
This device, connected into the ham transmitter, traps harmonics before they can
reach the antenna.
Hams are forever being blamed for many of the ills in television reception. I
have seen at least one case where this was not true. In a small town just west of
Philadelphia, there are only two amateurs in the entire area. Even though their
logbooks showed they were off the air, they were blamed for a peculiar type of disturbance,
The noise appeared in the form of a flash of maggots (similar to ignition noise).
Just for a second it would disrupt the scene; occasionally it would travel downward
in a bar effect. Service engineers from Philco, RCA, and Stromberg-Carlson traced
the trouble to power lines and the power company remedied the difficulties.
My ambition - one that comes naturally to most radiomen and women - is to have
my own well equipped shop. However, I am now involved in a project that has top
priority; I am in the throes of building a shop in the basement of my home, not
for radio, but for woodworking. It is my idea to gain some experience in the art
of cabinet construction and finishing. I would like eventually to be able to design,
construct, and finish custom cabinets for radios, television receivers, phonographs,
and combinations. In the final analysis, I suppose that I have a different outlook
on my ambition than a man would have. I prefer to make it a hobby rather than a
money-making vocation.
Posted November 10, 2021
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