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Before the Emergency Alert System
(EAS) was activated on January 1, 1997, which followed the August 5, 1963 activation
of the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), there was the 1951 implementation of the
CONtrol of ELectromagnetic RADiation (CONELRAD).
Born out of the Cold War era, CONELRAD was devised in order to not just provide
timely forewarning of enemy nuclear and/or bomber and/or submarine-based attacks,
but also to silence all commercial broadcasters whose transmitting installation
could potentially be exploited as homing signals for the aforementioned bad guys. The
Germans had used just such a scheme during the recently concluded World War II
to knock out Allied radio stations. CONELRAD used designated "clear channel" installations (no, not the moniker appropriated by iHeartMedia) whose super high power outputs would reach across the land to give
warning to even remote areas. Participating stations were assigned either 640 kHz
or 1240 kHz (in the AM band), while all others had to immediately stop broadcasting.
Are You Ready for CONELRAD?
By Joseph Chernof
The "CONELRAD" receiver in operation. A hearing-aid type earpiece
and small plastic box comprise the entire receiver.
What would you do if enemy bombers were to attack our country? How do you find
out quickly what is happening and what to do? This is one of the major problems
facing our Civil Defense authorities today. It has been generally agreed that, in
case of a tack or other emergency, cities would be evacuated as rapidly as possible,
but the question still remains as to what happens to the evacuated people afterwards
and how instructions and information are to be communicated to them. The best answer
to date is CONELRAD. Briefly, what CONELRAD means is that during times of emergency,
all TV and FM broadcasting stations will remain off the air. Every AM broadcasting
station in the country will either go off the air or shift its transmitter frequency
to one of two frequencies; i.e., 640 or 1240 kc.
The system is officially entitled "Plan for CONtrol of ELectromagnetic RADiation."
This step has been found necessary to prevent any possibility of enemy planes or
guided missiles being navigated by homing equipment tuned to the operating frequency
of a broadcasting station in the vicinity of the intended target location. By having
all AM stations in the country operate on one of these two frequencies, no frequency-of-radiation
homing device will be able to function properly. Enemy bombers that might have planned
to use the signals from some of our powerful clear-channel radio stations, such
as KFI in Los Angeles or WJR in Detroit, for navigational markers would find nothing
but a jumble of signals at 640 and 1240 kc.
A further refinement of CONELRAD now under development would provide that each
station in a community be on alone for a few seconds at a time, then transferring
control to another station in the same area, but always maintaining the same program
material. This would protect against the possibility of an enemy aircraft riding
the beam in on an extremely powerful station in a particular area.
It would seem that the responsibility of the individual citizen and particularly
of the electronic technician and experimenter would be to provide themselves and
their families well ahead of time with some means for receiving CONELRAD broadcasts
under any or all emergency conditions. This means exact calibration marks on the
dials of home and car radios so that either may be easily and quickly tuned to 640
or 1240 kc. if necessary. Do not depend on tuning your radio to these frequencies
at the time of emergency since most stations will not be on the air continuously
and it would be almost impossible to keep tuning about the dial until one is picked
up.
The transistorized receiver housed in its plastic case. Power
requirements are very low and battery life is, as a result, long. For maximum sensitivity
and best possible performance. use as long an antenna as you can and incorporate
a good ground system.
Construction details on a personal receiver which tunes the 640 and 1240 kc.
Civil Defense bends, is compact, and cheap.
The calibration may be done very easily using any r.f. signal generator, but
if one is not available, many stations throughout the country run frequent CONELRAD
tests, so by contacting your local radio station, you should be able to find out
at what times and at what frequencies such tests are being conducted.
It would also be highly advisable to have available at all times a portable battery-operated
radio. The average portable radio is fairly cumbersome to carry about over any appreciable
distance and its power requirements are high enough to make it impossible to keep
in operation continuously. A better choice would be a unit small enough to be carried
in the pocket with very low battery requirements. The writer would like to describe
one small, highly portable receiver suitable for civil defense and other emergency
use.
The basic requirements of portability and low battery drain immediately suggest
use of the transistor as a logical answer. It was therefore decided to construct
a unit using two transistors, one as detector and the second for audio amplification.
Some difficulty was experienced in making the transistor behave as an efficient
detector. Since one of the basic characteristics of the transistor is its rather
low input impedance as compared to the ordinary vacuum tube in similar applications,
conventional antenna coupling circuits did not work well due to the loading effects
of the transistor.
This could have been remedied by using one of a number of special input circuits,
tapped coils, etc., but it was decided for simplicity sake to take a small sacrifice
in gain and replace the transistor detector with a germanium diode, type 1N34. A
Transitron type 2N34 transistor was used for audio amplification.
The complete schematic diagram of the CONELRAD receiver is given in Fig. 1. The
receiver input circuit consists of a J. W. Miller "High-Q Ferrite Antenna Coil"
with the polyethylene insulated antenna wire removed. A secondary winding is added
by winding about 50 turns of fine wire on a paper or light cardboard form which
will fit snugly over the existing winding. This pickup coil is positioned to give
the best compromise between sensitivity and selectivity and then fastened in place
with a dab of nail polish. The original winding which is used as the primary of
the coupling transformer is tuned by a 50-400 μμfd. padder capacitor. A possible
refinement, not shown, would be to have two padder-type tuning capacitors switched
into the circuit by a small slide-type switch. One could then be permanently tuned
to 640 kc. and the other to 1240 kc. so that a rapid and precise switch over in
tuning could be made. The transistor audio stage gives ample volume on local stations
using a 3 volt "B" supply, in this case two. penlite cells connected in series.
No "on-off" switch is indicated, the receiver being turned "on" by plugging the
earphone into J" thus completing the battery circuit. The single earphone unit clips
to the case of the receiver when not in use.
Fig. 1 - Diagram of the "CONELRAD" receiver. No "on-off" switch
is required as plugging earpiece into the jack completes the battery circuit and
puts receiver in operation.
The completed unit mounts very snugly into a small plastic box as shown in the
accompanying photographs. As most old crystal set men will recall, a fairly long
antenna and a good ground are required for best results. For this purpose, it might
be handy to tape a roll of 25 to 50 feet of fine wire to the receiver case for use
as an emergency antenna. The entire unit slips very nicely into pocket or glove
compartment of a car.
CONELRAD plans will be put into effect during any emergency periods which are
designated as "Radio Alert". The authorization to return to normal operation is
"Radio All Clear". The Air Defense Command, U. S. Air Force, will order the attack
warning which will activate the CONELRAD system. As soon as the "Radio Alert" order
has been received by selected TV, FM, and AM broadcasting stations, the following
sequence of operations will take place. 1. Normal program discontinued; 2. Transmitter
carrier cut for 5 seconds; 3. Carrier returned to air for 5 seconds; 4. Carrier
cut for 5 seconds; 5. Carrier returned to air; 6. Broadcast a steady 1000 cycle
tone for 15 seconds; 7. Read a "Radio Alert" message; and 8. Remove carrier from
the air for the duration of the emergency. (Certain stations return to the air broadcasting
on either 640 or 1240 kc.)
No station identification will be used for obvious reasons, but information from
any nearby station should be helpful during the emergency.
Posted April 11, 2019
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