|
2010 |
Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov |
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional
material graphene" |
|
2009 |
Charles K. Kao |
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission
of light in fibers for optical communication" |
|
2009 |
Willard S. Boyle and
George E. Smith |
"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit –
the CCD sensor" |
|
2008 |
Makoto Kobayashi and
Toshihide Maskawa |
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry
which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks
in nature" |
|
2008 |
Yoichiro Nambu |
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken
symmetry in subatomic physics" |
|
2007 |
Albert Fert and
Peter Grünberg |
"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance" |
|
2006 |
John C. Mather and
George F. Smoot |
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy
of the cosmic microwave background radiation" |
|
2005 |
Roy J. Glauber |
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
|
|
2005 |
John L. Hall and
Theodor W. Hänsch |
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based
precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb
technique" |
|
2004 |
David J. Gross,
H. David Politzer, and
Frank Wilczek |
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of
the strong interaction" |
|
2003 |
Alexei A. Abrikosov,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg, and
Anthony J. Leggett |
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors
and superfluids" |
|
2002 |
Raymond Davis Jr. and
Masatoshi Koshiba |
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular
for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" |
|
2002 |
Riccardo Giacconi |
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have
led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" |
|
2001 |
Eric A. Cornell,
Wolfgang Ketterle and
Carl E. Wieman |
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute
gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of
the properties of the condensates" |
|
2000 |
Zhores I. Alferov and
Herbert Kroemer |
"for basic work on information and communication technology"
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed-
and opto-electronics" |
|
2000 |
Jack S. Kilby |
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
|
|
1999 |
Gerardus 't Hooft and
Martinus J.G. Veltman |
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions
in physics" |
|
1998 |
Robert B. Laughlin,
Horst L. Störmer, and
Daniel C. Tsui |
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with
fractionally charged excitations" |
|
1997 |
Steven Chu,
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and
William D. Phillips |
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with
laser light" |
|
1996 |
David M. Lee,
Douglas D. Osheroff, and
Robert C. Richardson |
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" |
|
1995 |
Martin L. Perl and
Frederick Reines |
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
"for the discovery of the tau lepton" "for the detection of
the neutrino" |
|
1994 |
Bertram N. Brockhouse and
Clifford G. Shull |
"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron
scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" "for
the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development
of the neutron diffraction technique" |
|
1993 |
Russell A. Hulse and
Joseph H. Taylor Jr. |
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery
that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
|
|
1992 |
Georges Charpak |
"for his invention and development of particle detectors,
in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" |
|
1991 |
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order
phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex
forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
|
|
1990 |
Jerome I. Friedman,
Henry W. Kendall and
Richard E. Taylor |
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic
scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which
have been of essential importance for the development of the
quark model in particle physics" |
|
1989 |
Norman F. Ramsey,
Hans G. Dehmelt, and
Wolfgang Paul |
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method
and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" "for
the development of the ion trap technique" |
|
1988 |
Leon M. Lederman,
Melvin Schwartz, and
Jack Steinberger |
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the
doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the
muon neutrino" |
|
1987 |
J. Georg Bednorz and
K. Alex Müller |
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity
in ceramic materials" |
|
1986 |
Ernst Ruska |
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the
design of the first electron microscope" |
|
1986 |
Gerd Binnig and
Heinrich Rohrer |
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
|
|
1985 |
Klaus von Klitzing |
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" |
|
1984 |
Carlo Rubbia and
Simon van der Meer |
"for their decisive contributions to the large project,
which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators
of weak interaction" |
|
1983 |
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar |
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of
importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" |
|
1983 |
William A. Fowler |
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear
reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements
in the universe" |
|
1982 |
Kenneth G. Wilson |
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with
phase transitions" |
|
1981 |
Nicolaas Bloembergen and
Arthur L. Schawlow |
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
|
|
1981 |
Kai M. Siegbahn |
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution
electron spectroscopy" |
|
1980 |
James Cronin and
Val Fitch |
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry
principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" |
|
1979 |
Sheldon Glashow,
Abdus Salam, and
Steven Weinberg |
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak
and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles,
including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
|
|
1978 |
Pyotr Kapitsa |
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of
low-temperature physics" |
|
1978 |
Arno Penzias and
Robert Woodrow Wilson |
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
|
|
1977 |
Philip W. Anderson,
Sir Nevill F. Mott, and
John H. van Vleck |
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the
electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
|
|
1976 |
Burton Richter and
Samuel C.C. Ting |
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary
particle of a new kind" |
|
1975 |
Aage N. Bohr,
Ben R. Mottelson, and
James Rainwater |
"for the discovery of the connection between collective
motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development
of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on
this connection" |
|
1974 |
Martin Ryle and
Antony Hewish |
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle
for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture
synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the
discovery of pulsars" |
|
1973 |
Leo Esaki and
Ivar Giaever |
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling
phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
|
|
1973 |
Brian D. Josephson |
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a
supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena
which are generally known as the Josephson effects" |
|
1972 |
John Bardeen,
Leon N. Cooper and
Robert Schrieffer |
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity,
usually called the BCS-theory" |
|
1971 |
Dennis Gabor |
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
|
|
1970 |
Hannes Alfvén and
Louis Néel |
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics
with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism
and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications
in solid state physics" |
|
1969 |
Murray Gell-Mann |
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification
of elementary particles and their interactions" |
|
1968 |
Luis Alvarez |
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics,
in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states,
made possible through his development of the technique of using
hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" |
|
1967 |
Hans Bethe |
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions,
especially his discoveries concerning the energy production
in stars" |
|
1966 |
Alfred Kastler |
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for
studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" |
|
1965 |
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,
Julian Schwinger, and
Richard P. Feynman |
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,
with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary
particles" |
|
1964 |
Charles H. Townes,
Nicolay G. Basov, and
Aleksandr M. Prokhorov |
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics,
which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers
based on the maser-laser principle" |
|
1963 |
Eugene Wigner |
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus
and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery
and application of fundamental symmetry principles" |
|
1963 |
Maria Goeppert-Mayer and
J. Hans D. Jensen |
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
|
|
1962 |
Lev Landau |
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially
liquid helium" |
|
1961 |
Robert Hofstadter |
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic
nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the
structure of the nucleons" |
|
1961 |
Rudolf Mössbauer |
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption
of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the
effect which bears his name" |
|
1960 |
Donald A. Glaser |
"for the invention of the bubble chamber" |
|
1959 |
Emilio Segrè and
Owen Chamberlain |
"for their discovery of the antiproton" |
|
1958 |
Pavel A. Cherenkov,
Il´ja M. Frank, and
Igor Y. Tamm |
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov
effect" |
|
1957 |
Chen Ning Yang and
Tsung-Dao Lee |
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity
laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary
particles" |
|
1956 |
William B. Shockley,
John Bardeen, and
Walter H. Brattain |
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery
of the transistor effect" |
|
1955 |
Willis E. Lamb |
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the
hydrogen spectrum" |
|
1955 |
Polykarp Kusch |
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment
of the electron" |
|
1954 |
Max Born |
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially
for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" |
|
1954 |
Walther Bothe |
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
|
|
1953 |
Frits Zernike |
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially
for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" |
|
1952 |
Felix Bloch and
E. M. Purcell |
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic
precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
|
|
1951 |
John Cockcroft and
Ernest T.S. Walton |
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei
by artificially accelerated atomic particles" |
|
1950 |
Cecil Powell |
"for his development of the photographic method of studying
nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made
with this method" |
|
1949 |
Hideki Yukawa |
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis
of theoretical work on nuclear forces" |
|
1948 |
Patrick M.S. Blackett |
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method,
and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics
and cosmic radiation" |
|
1947 |
Edward V. Appleton |
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere
especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
|
|
1946 |
Percy W. Bridgman |
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely
high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in
the field of high pressure physics" |
|
1945 |
Wolfgang Pauli |
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called
the Pauli Principle" |
|
1944 |
Isidor Isaac Rabi |
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties
of atomic nuclei" |
|
1943 |
Otto Stern |
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular
ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
|
|
1942 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the
Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1941 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the
Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1940 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the
Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
|
1939 |
Ernest Lawrence |
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and
for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial
radioactive elements" |
|
1938 |
Enrico Fermi |
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive
elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related
discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
|
|
1937 |
Clinton Davisson and
George Paget Thomson |
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of
electrons by crystals" |
|
1936 |
Victor F. Hess |
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation" |
|
1936 |
Carl D. Anderson |
"for his discovery of the positron" |
|
1935 |
James Chadwick |
"for the discovery of the neutron" |
|
1934 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund
and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
|
|
1933 |
Erwin Schrödinger and
Paul A.M. Dirac |
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
|
|
1932 |
Werner Heisenberg |
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application
of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic
forms of hydrogen" |
|
1931 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this
prize section
|
|
1930 |
Venkata Raman |
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery
of the effect named after him" |
|
1929 |
Louis de Broglie |
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" |
|
1928 |
Owen Willans Richardson |
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially
for the discovery of the law named after him" |
|
1927 |
Arthur H. Compton |
"for his discovery of the effect named after him" |
|
1927 |
C.T.R. Wilson |
"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged
particles visible by condensation of vapour" |
|
1926 |
Jean Baptiste Perrin |
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter,
and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
|
|
1925 |
James Franck and
Gustav Hertz |
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of
an electron upon an atom" |
|
1924 |
Manne Siegbahn |
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray
spectroscopy" |
|
1923 |
Robert A. Millikan |
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and
on the photoelectric effect" |
|
1922 |
Niels Bohr |
"for his services in the investigation of the structure
of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" |
|
1921 |
Albert Einstein |
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially
for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
|
|
1920 |
Charles Edouard Guillaume |
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision
measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel
steel alloys" |
|
1919 |
Johannes Stark |
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and
the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" |
|
1918 |
Max Planck |
"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement
of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta" |
|
1917 |
Charles Glover Barkla |
"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation
of the elements" |
|
1916 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this
prize section
|
|
1915 |
William Bragg and
Lawrence Bragg |
"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure
by means of X-rays" |
|
1914 |
Max von Laue |
"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"
|
|
1913 |
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes |
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low
temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid
helium" |
|
1912 |
Gustaf Dalén |
"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction
with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"
|
|
1911 |
Wilhelm Wien |
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation
of heat" |
|
1910 |
Johannes Diderik van der Waals |
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
|
|
1909 |
Guglielmo Marconi and
Ferdinand Braun |
"in recognition of their contributions to the development
of wireless telegraphy" |
|
1908 |
Gabriel Lippmann |
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically
based on the phenomenon of interference" |
|
1907 |
Albert A. Michelson |
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic
and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
|
|
1906 |
J.J. Thomson |
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and
experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity
by gases" |
|
1905 |
Philipp Lenard |
"for his work on cathode rays" |
|
1904 |
Lord Rayleigh |
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important
gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these
studies" |
|
1903 |
Henri Becquerel |
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered
by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" |
|
1903 |
Pierre Curie and
Marie Curie,
née Sklodowska
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have
rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena
discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" |
|
1902 |
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and
Pieter Zeeman |
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered
by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation
phenomena"
|
|
1901 |
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen |
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered
by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after
him |
