Search RFCafe.com                           
      More Than 18,000 Unique Pages
Please support me by ADVERTISING!
Serving a Pleasant Blend of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow™ Please Support My Advertisers!
   Formulas & Data
Electronics | RF
Mathematics
Mechanics | Physics
     AI-Generated
     Technical Data
Pioneers | Society
Companies | Parts
Principles | Assns


 About | Sitemap
Homepage Archive
        Resources
Articles, Forums Calculators, Radar
Magazines, Museum
Radio Service Data
Software, Videos
     Entertainment
Crosswords, Humor Cogitations, Podcast
Quotes, Quizzes
   Parts & Services
1000s of Listings
 Vintage Magazines
Electronics World
Popular Electronics
Radio & TV News
QST | Pop Science
Popular Mechanics
Radio-Craft
Radio-Electronics
Short Wave Craft
Electronics | OFA
Saturday Eve Post

Software: RF Cascade Workbook
RF Stencils for Visio | RF Symbols for Visio
RF Symbols for Office | Cafe Press
Espresso Engineering Workbook

Aegis Power  |  Alliance Test
Centric RF  |  Empower RF
ISOTEC  |  Reactel  |  RFCT
San Fran Circuits

TotalTemp Technologies (Thermal Platforms) - RF Cafe

Innovative Power Products (IPP) Directional Couplers

Anatech Electronics RF Microwave Filters - RF Cafe

Please Support RF Cafe by purchasing my  ridiculously low-priced products, all of which I created.

RF Cascade Workbook for Excel

RF & Electronics Symbols for Visio

RF & Electronics Symbols for Office

RF & Electronics Stencils for Visio

RF Workbench

T-Shirts, Mugs, Cups, Ball Caps, Mouse Pads

These Are Available for Free

Espresso Engineering Workbook™

Smith Chart™ for Excel

Copper Mountain Technologies (VNA) - RF Cafe

Module 8 - Introduction to Amplifiers
Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)
Chapter 3:  Pages 3-61 through 3-70

Module 8 - Introduction to Amplifiers

Pages i, 1-1, 1-11, 1-21, 1-31, 2-1, 2-11, 2-21, 2-31, 3-1, 3-11, 3-21, 3-31, 3-41, 3-51, 3-61, AI-1, Index

NEETS Modules
- Matter, Energy, and Direct Current
- Alternating Current and Transformers
- Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement
- Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading
- Generators and Motors
- Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies
- Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies
- Amplifiers
- Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits
- Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas
- Microwave Principles
- Modulation Principles
- Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits
- - Introduction to Microelectronics
- Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros
- Introduction to Test Equipment
- Radio-Frequency Communications Principles
- Radar Principles
- The Technician's Handbook, Master Glossary
- Test Methods and Practices
- Introduction to Digital Computers
- Magnetic Recording
- Introduction to Fiber Optics
Note: Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS) content is U.S. Navy property in the public domain.

Operational amplifier

Operational amplifiers are usually used in a Closed-Loop Operation. This means that degenerative feedback is used to lower the gain and increase the stability of the operational amplifier.

An operational amplifier circuit can be connected with an Inverting Configuration

Operational amplifier

or a Noninverting Configuration.

3-61

Operational amplifier

The Gain-Bandwidth Product for an operational amplifier is computed by multiplying the gain by the bandwidth (in hertz). For any given operational amplifier, the gain-bandwidth product will remain the same regardless of the amount of feedback used.

Gain-Bandwidth Product for an operational amplifier

A SUMMING Amplifier is an application of an operational amplifier in which the output signal is determined by the sum of the input signals multiplied by the gain of the amplifier:

Equation

3-62

SUMMING Amplifier

A SCALING Amplifier is a special type of summing amplifier with the output signal determined by multiplying each input signal by a different factor (determined by the ratio of the input- signal resistor and feedback resistor) and then adding these products:

SCALING Amplifier Equation

SCALING Amplifier

A Difference Amplifier is an application of an operational amplifier in which the output signal is determined by the difference between the input signals multiplied by the gain of the amplifier:

Difference Amplifier Equation

3-63

Difference Amplifier

A Saturable-CORE Reactor works upon the principle that increasing the current through a coil decreases the permeability of the core; the decreased permeability decreases the inductance of the coil which causes an increase in current (power) through the load.

Saturable-CORE Reactor

The IDEAL OPERATING Point of a saturable-core reactor is on the KNEE of The MAGNETIZATION Curve. At this point, small changes in control current will cause large changes in load current (power).

3-64

IDEAL OPERATING Point of a saturable-core reactor

THREE-LEGGED and TOROIDAL saturable-core reactors solve the problem of load flux aiding and opposing control flux during alternate half cycles of the a.c. load current.

THREE-LEGGED and TOROIDAL saturable-core reactor

Magnetic Amplifiers use the principle of electromagnetism to amplify signals. They are power amplifiers with a frequency response normally limited to 100 hertz or below. Magnetic amplifiers use a saturable-core reactor. a magnetic amplifier uses a RECTIFIER to solve the problem of HYSTERESIs LOSS in a saturable-core reactor.

3-65

Magnetic Amplifiers

A BIAS WINDING allows a d.c. bias voltage to be applied to the saturable-core reactor while a.c. control signals are applied to a separate control winding. In this way a magnetic amplifier can be set to the proper operating point.

BIAS WINDING

3-66

Answers to Questions Q1. Through Q50.

A-1.   Two inputs, two outputs.

A-2.   Common emitter (CE) and common base (CB).

A-3.   No output (the signals will "cancel out").

A-4.   Equal in shape and frequency to each input signal and larger in amplitude by two times than either input signal.

A-5.   Equal in shape and frequency to the input signal; larger in amplitude than the input signal; half as large in amplitude as when two input signals were used that were 180 degrees out of phase.

A-6.   a different shape than the input signals but larger in amplitude.

A-7.   100 millivolts.

A-8.   Each output will be a sine wave with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 100 millivolts. The output signals will be 180 degrees out of phase with each other.

A-9.   200 millivolts.

A-10.  0 volts (the input signals will "cancel out").

A-11.  Each output signal will be 100 millivolts.

A-12.

a.   180 degrees out of phase with each other.

b.   Output signal number one will be in phase with input signal number two; output signal number two will be in phase with input signal number one.

A-13.   200 millivolts.

A-14.

a.         100 millivolts. b.    No.

A-15.    Very high gain, very high input impedance, very low output impedance.

A-16.    An integrated circuit (chip).

3-67

A-17.

Answer A-17

A-18.

a.   Differential amplifier.

b.   Voltage amplifier.

c.   Output amplifier.

A-19.   The use of degenerative (negative) feed-back.

A-20.  Both the input signal and the feedback signal.

A-21.

a.   Inverting. b.   Inverting.

A-22.   0 volts.

A-23.  Virtual.

A-24.   -50 millivolts.

A-25.   50 kilohertz (Gain = 10; Gain-Bandwidth Product = 500,000;

Equation

A-26.   60 millivolts.

 3-68

A-27.   1 megahertz.

Open-loop Gain-Bandwidth Product = Closed-loop Gain-Bandwidth Prod.

Open-loop Gain-Bandwidth Product = 200,000 ´ 30 (Hz)

Open-loop Gain Bandwidth Product = 600,000

Closed-loop Gain Bandwidth Product = 6 ´ Bandwidth

6,000,000 = 6 ´ Bandwidth

1,000,000 (Hz) = Bandwidth

A-28.   The adder simply adds the input signals together while the summing amplifier multiplies the sum of the input signals by the gain of circuit.

A-29.   Yes, a summing amplifier can have as many inputs as desired.

A-30.   a summing amplifier that applies a factor to each input signal beforeadding the results.

A-31.   a scaling amplifier.

A-32.

Equation

A-33.   0 volts. (The two inputs to the operational amplifier are both at 0 volts.)

A-34.   The difference amplifier multiplies the difference between the two inputs by the gain of the circuit while the subtractor merely subtracts one input signal from the other.

A-35.    No.

A-36.    a difference amplifier.

3-69

A-37.

Equation

A-38.   0 volts. (The two inputs to the operational amplifier are both at the same potential.)

A-39.   An audio (or low) frequency power amplifier.

A-40.   a change in inductance in a series LR circuit causes a change in true power.

A-41.   It decreases.

A-42.   (a) Inductance increases; (b) true power decreases.

A-43.   Permeability decreases.

A-44.   a change in inductance.

A-45.

Answer A-45

A-46.   The knee of the curve.

A-47.   use two load windings whose flux effects cancel in the core of the reactor or use two load windings on two toroidal cores so that load flux always aids control flux in one core and opposes control flux in the other core.

A-48.   The rectifier eliminates hysteresis loss.

 

A-49.   a bias winding and associated circuitry.

A-50.   Servosystems, temperature recorders, or power supplies.

 3-70

Copper Mountain Technologies (VNA) - RF Cafe
Exodus Advanced Communications Best in Class RF Amplifier SSPAs



everythingRF RF & Microwave Parts Database (h1)