See Page 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 | of the March 2020 homepage archives.
Friday 20
You wouldn't know it from the lineup of
Crosley Corporation radios and turntables appearing in department stores, but
the company also manufactures dishwashers, ranges and freezers, clothes washers
and dryers, and air conditioners. That is still a small chunk of what Crosley, based
in Cincinnati, Ohio, made back in the middle of the last century, including cars
and trucks, a small private airplane (the Moonbeam), television sets and even had
a television broadcast station, as well as other items that were part of the mainstream
of American life. Take a look at their About Crosley webpage for more insight. Amazingly,
along with the extensive line of retro radios and turntables, they still also make
a few models of full-size jukeboxes. This full-page advertisement for Crosley TVs
appeared in a 1954 issue...
Steve Ford, WB8IMY, author of the monthly
"Eclectic Technology" QST magazine column, has just published a book entitled,
"Amateur
Radio Satellite for Beginners." You can make contacts through amateur radio
satellites, and even with the International Space Station, using equipment you probably
own right now! All it takes is the right information, which you'll find in this
book. There are dozens of spacecraft in orbit just waiting for your signals, and
more are being launched every year. This book is your guide to a whole new world
of operating enjoyment. Inside you will: Be able to locate satellites and determine
when they will be available in orbit. Gain tips for building your own satellite
station even if it s just a dual-band FM transceiver and a mobile antenna. Discover
satellite antenna projects you can build at home...
With more than 1000
custom-built symbols, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Symbols available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic
drawings! Every object has been built to fit proportionally on the provided
A-, B- and C-size drawing page templates (or can use your own). Symbols are provided
for equipment racks and test equipment, system block diagrams, conceptual drawings,
and schematics. Unlike previous versions, these are NOT Stencils, but instead are
all contained on tabbed pages within a single Visio document. That puts everything
in front of you in its full glory. Just copy and paste what you need on your drawing.
The file format is XML so everything plays nicely with Visio 2013 and later...
Sally Mason was the soldering iron-wielding
heroette (heroine sounds too much like the narcotic) of Nate Silverman's "Sally,
the Service Maid" series that ran in Radio-Craft magazine during the years of
World War II. As I noted in the previous episode, many of the nation's women were
left behind to run their husband's, father's and/or son's electronics sales and
repair businesses when they went off to save the world from aggressive Communists,
Socialists, Maoists, Nazis, and other nasty types. Some of those ladies had already
become very adept at troubleshooting, component replacement, and aligning radio
and television sets, while some were left to learn at the School of Hard Knocks.
Sally's father, Gus Mason, as far away teaching electronics to Signal Corpsmen for
the war effort. Her years of looking over Dad's shoulder and hanging around the
shop was paying off...
"Medical implants of the future may feature
reconfigurable electronic platforms that can morph in shape and size dynamically
as bodies change or transform to relocate from one area to monitor another within
our bodies. Researchers from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
and the University of California, Berkeley report a silicon honeycomb-serpentine
reconfigurable electronic platform that can dynamically morph into three different
shapes: quatrefoils (four lobes), stars, and irregular ones. 'Quatrefoils can be
used for rectangular object-based operation, while stars are for more intricate
architectures, and irregular-shaped ones are specifically for implanted bioelectronics,'
said Muhammad Hussain, co-author and a visiting professor at the University of California,
Berkeley..."
Cadence | AWR has published a white paper
entitled "Design
of a Complete RF Downconverter Module for Test Equipment." RF / microwave modules
integrate diverse technologies to address the challenge of developing cost-effective
radio circuitry for low- to medium-volume production commonly used in T&M equipment
and aerospace / defense applications. This white paper describes the design and
simulation of a complete downconverter module used in spectrum analyzer test equipment.
The example module and its constituent parts demonstrate a top-down / bottom-up
approach using circuit- and system-level analyses. You may download a free copy...
ConductRF is continually innovating and
developing new and improved solutions for RF Interconnect needs. See the latest
TESTeCON RF Test Cables
for labs. ConductRF makes production and test coax cable assemblies for amplitude
and phased matched VNA applications as well as standard & precision RF connectors.
Over 1,000 solutions for low PIM in-building to choose from in the iBwave component
library. They also provide custom coax solutions for applications where some standard
just won't do. A partnership with Newark assures fast, reliable access. Please visit
ConductRF today to see
how they can help your project!
Thursday 19
I have five operational radios and speakers
spread around my house (912 ft2, BTW) and in the basement. Only
one of them is newer than 20 years old and the others are circa 1978 or earlier.
AM or FM over-the-air radio is playing all day (when the el cheapo BSR turntable
isn't spinning LP and 45 vinyl). In a couple instances I
feed a stereo output into a mono speaker. With truly stereo-separated audio,
listening to just the right (R) or left (L) channel does not do an adequate job
of replicating the broadcast since often, particularly in music, the voice tends
to favor one or the other of R or L. Simply tying the right and left channels together
does not do the job because the low impedance of the speakers - typically 4 Ω
or 8 Ω - causes noticeable distortion when doing so. The only way to achieve
good sound is to use a power combiner that presents the proper impedance to each
component...
"Fitting laser weapons onto Navy destroyers
is expanding across the fleet, to include the DDG 51 Flight III next-generation
destroyers now in production. Enemy drones over the ocean could track and surviel
U.S. Navy ships, designate targets for aircraft or maritime attacks, or even fire
dangerous weapons themselves at surface ships. This reality is one of many key reasons
the Navy has now installed a new counter drone 'dazzler' laser weapon aboard one
of its destroyers for the first time, bringing new offensive and defensive warfare
possibilities to the fleet. The Navy's
Optical Dazzling Interdictor, or ODIN laser weapon, has been installed on the
Navy destroyer USS Dewey, a report from Naval Sea Systems Command said."
This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, and Baseball Caps. Choose from amazingly clever "We Are the World's Matchmakers"
Smith chart design or the "Engineer's Troubleshooting Flow Chart." My "Matchmaker's"
design has been ripped off by other people and used on their products, so please
be sure to purchase only official RF Cafe gear. My markup is only a paltry 50¢ per
item - Cafe Press gets the rest of your purchase price. These would make excellent
gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out at company
events or as rewards for excellent service. It's a great way to help support RF
Cafe. Thanks...
With the extreme volatility of today's stock
market, I thought this might be a good time to re-post an article I wrote back in
2012 entitled "Arbitrage
via Microwaves." The ±200 point daily swings of a mere 8 years ago seem
paltry compared to ±1,000 of late. The original page on the IEEE Spectrum magazine
website is dead now, so I had to change the hyperlink to an archived page on
The Wayback Machine - a great resource for
you to remember if you ever need to retrieve a webpage that has been disappeared
[sic]. My piece begins: "If you have wondered why the world's stock markets behave
the way they do, why the DJIA falls 150 points on one day on news of Greece leaving
the euro, then gaining 200 points the next day on news of a bailout, then back down
a day later on more news of the bailout, your confusion is understandable. It seems
that there might be nobody who actually can predict the market's contortions...
Mr. Billy A., an affiliate of Purdue
("Parvoo,"
per Carl & Jerry") University's Concord Law School, sent me a link to an online
article entitled, "E-Discovery,
Privacy, and Cybersecurity Law." Along with introducing the concept, it also
deals with "When E-Discovery Goes Wrong." The author begins: "During the pretrial
discovery phase of litigation, parties in a dispute are required to produce information,
documents, and other evidence related to the case. In an increasingly digital world,
electronic discovery, or e-discovery, has become a critical component of this process.
This refers to the discovery of relevant electronically stored information (ESI)
such as emails, text messages, databases, images, and spreadsheets. Privacy and
security are critical considerations during e-discovery due to the elevated risk
of theft or leakage while data is transferred from one system to another. Because
the process typically involves extremely sensitive information... "
On May 21st, 2010, in an interview with CBS
News entitled, "The
Cell Phone: Marty Cooper's Big Idea," cell phone inventor
Martin Cooper,
was asked, "Isn't there almost a Brave New World sensibility behind all of this
being connected? What does it do to our privacy?" His reply: "Sorry. Privacy is
a thing of the past." There are two aspects of that loss of privacy. One is the
vulnerability of data collection by anyone with the technology (including Big Brother).
The other aspect is loss of privacy by choice due to people blabbing all their business
in public where anyone nearby can hear. The former is unavoidable by the cell phone
user, while the latter is completely avoidable - and preferable, since almost nobody
want to hear you yak about your personal business.
Copper Mountain Technologies develops innovative
and robust RF test and measurement solutions for engineers all over the world. Copper
Mountain's extensive line of unique form factor
Vector Network Analyzers
include an RF measurement module and a software application which runs on any Windows
PC, laptop or tablet, connecting to the measurement hardware via USB interface.
The result is a lower cost, faster, more effective test process that fits into the
modern workspace in lab, production, field and secure testing environments.
Wednesday 18
FM (frequency modulation) radio certainly
was a hot topic beginning in the middle to late 1940s. With the war out of the way,
energies and resources were being redirected back to peacetime production. Major
Edwin Armstrong announced his FM scheme in 1935, and as with many new inventions,
it was met with skepticism by many who doubted his claim of static interference
immunity. For many, it was a lack of understanding that caused the negative reaction,
caused primarily by the increased level of sophistication of the transmitter and
receiver circuitry. Amplitude modulation (AM) was so easy even a caveman could understand
it, but adding phase relationships into the equation (literally) left many in the
dust. This
FM Radio Quiz from a 1950 issue of Radio & Television News magazine
tests your grasp of frequency modulation principles.
This is headline simultaneously both spooky
and cool: "Apple
to patent snoop-proof screens." The cool part is that it is possible. The spooky
part is that it is possible. Per the description, the camera facing the user scans
his/her/its (HHI) face and eyes to determine where HHI is currently viewing. Then,
if another face is detected that the "Gaze-dependent display encryption" algorithm
determines is an uninvited viewer, it blurs the screen everywhere except where the
legitimate viewer is concentrating. That is an incredible application of face detection
AI. Just imagine what court-admissible data could be stored or transmitted about
your viewing habits once the phone knows it's you looking at it and not someone
else! To wit: We know you were looking at your iPhone at the moment you ran over
the old lady trying to cross the street.
Lemos International Technologies is
both a designer and manufacturer of wireless products and a distributor of products
from other world-class manufacturers. A modular approach to wireless connectivity
helps eliminate much of the technical design and testing and also simplifies or
eliminates the need for expensive conformance testing and certification. Ready-to-use
Bluetooth, GPS, Wi-Fi, licensed and unlicensed band products are available. Custom
design services can help you achieve success with your project's unique needs.
Those of you who are not particularly interested
in
vintage
electronic equipment will please indulge those of us who are. I post these articles
occasionally to remind people of from whence we have come. Whether you are an amateur
radio operator or just a cellphone user, appreciation is due to the pioneers who
took the metaphorical arrows for us so that we may enjoy the micro-size, low cost,
high quality communications available today. The full-height equipment racks in
the photos were standard fare in the 1930s for long distance (DX) shortwave operators
- often only for CW (Morse code). "User serviceable parts inside' was the rule rather
than the exception. As much as I like waxing nostalgic over tube-based hardware
of yesteryear, I am quite grateful to be typing this note on a computer keyboard
and not on a massive teletype machine...
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has released a comprehensive report summarizing the results of more than 10 years
of scientific and epidemiological studies on the potential adverse health effects
of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Published earlier this month, the
report, entitled 'Review
of Published Literature between 2008 and 2018 of Relevance to Radiofrequency Radiation
and Cancer,' reviewed more than 125 peer-reviewed articles published between
January 1, 2008 and mid-2018 to assess the possible causal relationship between
exposure to RF radiation in the frequency range of 100 KHz to 6 GHz and the formation
of cancerous tumors. The FDA's conclusion? 'There is insufficient evidence to support
a causal association between RF radiation exposure and tumorigenesis...'"
ERZIA serves critical aerospace and defense
missions by designing and manufacturing RF, microwave,
and mm-wave amplifiers, integrated assemblies operating from low frequencies
up to 100 GHz, and by providing high reliable satellite communications. The
company was founded in 2002 to become a worldwide reference of advanced engineering,
performance, reliability and ruggedness. Their catalogue of standard amplifier modules
comprises more than 100 different models, having also a high capacity of customization
for amplifiers and integrated assemblies. Some of products have space heritage and
are used in aerospace, commercial, military and scientific systems, having a wide
range of final applications.
Tuesday 17
The neighborhood where I grew up in the 1960s
and 1970s was about 25 to 30 miles from the "big three" network television broadcast
stations (ABC, CBS, NBC) in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. That is considered a
fairly long distance in the over-the-air TV realm. Knowing what I know now, I am
somewhat surprised that those in our area were able to receive programs as well
as we did when all the homes I recall had just a single, standard multi-element
antenna on the roof. If anyone had stacked, phased array setups like this
Finco Co-Lateral TV Antenna installed, I certainly do not remember any. Most
of the antennas in Holly Hill Harbor and the surrounding communities did not even
have an antenna rotator, yet evidently were pulling in signals satisfactorily -
and without needing to be mounted on a tall tower. That said, about the time I was
16 years old and was seriously into adopting any and all technology I could afford
(which wasn't much), I took it upon myself to add an Alliance Tenna-Rotor to my
parents' rooftop antenna...
RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is the next phase in the evolution
of RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. It is a full-featured
RF system cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers
for a mere $45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018
is a cinch and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and
faster than using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis
is all that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
Plenty of intrigue still surrounds the July
2, 1937, disappearance of
Amelia Earhart in the South Pacific on her way to completing an around-the-world
flight. This article appeared two years prior to that fateful flight proclaiming
the soundness (no pun intended) of her onboard radio. Back in the day, shortwave
radio installations in aircraft required long wires trailing behind, particularly
for long distance requirements like flying from the U.S. mainland to Hawaii. Those
wires were a constant source of trouble due to destructive mechanical oscillations
while waving in the airstream, airframe damage due to striking during the haul in/out
procedure, and breakage. According to an article that appeared in the January 2015
edition of Smithsonian magazine, it is suspected that Earhart's antenna broke early
in her flight and that is what was responsible for the loss of communication. Navy
ships were tasked to monitor her progress and reported picking up spotty transmissions,
but she never responded to messages...
Keysight Technologies, a leading technology
company that helps enterprises, service providers and governments accelerate innovation
to connect and secure the world, today announced a new add-on to
PathWave Advanced Design System (ADS) that enables designers to perform pre-compliance
testing on virtual prototypes of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) designs. This
new capability saves the time and cost of iterative build and test of physical prototypes.
Demand for SMPS is driven by the need for greater efficiency, increased power density
and lower cost. Fast, low-loss switches made from silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium
nitride (GaN) will power future applications due to the high performance and efficiency
they enable. However, there are unwanted side effects from the high current slew
rate, such as difficultly meeting the radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI)
specification...
Whether
you are a vintage valve - aka vacuum tube - aficionado or just have an appreciation
for blown glass creations, the National Valve Museum website is not to be missed.
Some glass shape are downright weird, like the
Baird Telechrome and the
#1846, and the
metal elements inside the
tubes are equally impressive. Back in the day, workers - mostly women with small,
agile fingers - assembled those structures by hand - with no or very little automation.
Relative distance between elements and wire lengths were critical to achieving the
valve's specified performance. I recently posted circa 1947 Radio-Craft
magazine articles reporting on Lee de Forest's early experimentations with
his
Audion amplifier and how he and a local manufacturer developed the world's first
glass enclosures for electronic devices. Initial designs were not evacuated, but
de Forest learned that the heater elements lasted longer when not surrounded
by air (O2) and moisture. Your time perusing the photos (click on the
Collections pages) will be well
spent.
Since 1961, MECA
Electronics has designed and manufactured an extensive line of
RF & microwave components
for in-building, satellite, radar, radio, telemetry, mobile radio, aviation &
ATC. Attenuators, directional & hybrid couplers, isolators & circulators,
power dividers & combiners, loads, DC blocks, bias-Ts and adapters & cables.
MECA has long been the 'backbone' of high performance wired and air-interfaced networks
such as in-building applications, satellite communications, radar, radio communications,
telemetry applications, mobile radio, aviation & air traffic communications.
Triad RF Systems designs and manufactures
RF power amplifiers and systems.
Triad RF Systems comprises three partners (hence 'Triad')
with over 40 years of accumulated knowledge of what is required to design, manufacture,
market, sell and service RF/Microwave amplifiers and amplifier systems. PA, LNA,
bi-directional, and frequency translating amplifiers are available, in formats including
tower mount, benchtop, rack mount, and chassis mount. "We view Triad more as a technology
partner than a vendor for our line-of-sight communications product line." Please
check to see how they can help your project.
Monday 16
Since we seem to be on a roll of FM radio
theme articles printed in vintage electronics magazine, here is one from a 1973
issue of Popular Electronics. The author never explicitly tells us the date when
the Institute of High Fidelity (IHF) updated its
FM tuner specifications, and neither does he mention groundbreaking work of
IHF's Julian Hirsch, who is largely responsible for both the initial and updated
standards. If you read magazine stereo equipment reviews in the 1960s and 1970s,
then you probably recall the name. Anyway, this article discusses the improved specifications
made possible by more sophisticated circuits made possible by semiconductors and
miniaturized passive components. Interestingly, by 1973 magazines had gone from
abbreviating decibels from d.b. to dB, from k.c. and m.c. to kHz and MHz, from m.m.v.
to (μV), and from r.f. to RF, but they still used i.f. (intermediate frequency)
rather...
Copper Mountain Technologies (CMT) has produced
a series of videos to help users of its diverse line of vector network analyzers
(VNAs) get the most out of their extensive capabilities. Proprietary features in
both hardware and software supplies VNAs designed by CMT with capabilities far beyond
similar equipment by other companies. This video entitled, "Fixture
Removal," is one of a series of videos that can be found on the Copper Mountain
Technologies website. In this video, embedding, de-embedding, and port extension
are discussed, which are techniques to effectively remove test fixture effects from
measurements on the device under test (DUT). It facilitates better comparison of
DUT measurements to simulation predictions and gives the true parameters of the
isolated DUT...
Here
is a reprint of an article I had published in Wireless Design & Development
magazine in 1995. Some of the references are a bit dated, but the info is all still
very useful. Waypoint Software is now RF Cafe, and TxRx Designer is now Shareware
by the name of RF Workbench. With the advent of high speed personal computers, a
very insightful graphical method of determining inband mixer spurious products has
been largely forgotten. The
Spur Web™
(my name trademark, but used widely w/o attribution) chart rapidly identifies both
inband and out-of-band spurs, affording a pictorial view of where conversion system
frequencies lie with respect to all spur products. A comparison will be presented
between the Spur Web chart method and the common numerical method...
RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is the next phase in the evolution
of RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. It is a full-featured
RF system cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers
for a mere $45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018
is a cinch and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and
faster than using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis
is all that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
Axiom Test Equipment, an electronic test
equipment rentals and sales company headquartered in North County San Diego, has
published a blog post entitled "Keep
UAVs Flying High with Proper Testing." This blog is the first in a series of
four planned articles that will take a closer look at the global fascination with
UAVs and how they are used, whether for farming or for warfare, and some of the
best test tools that can be applied to ensuring the best UAV performance possible.
"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), popularly known as drones, have been a part of
military operations for decades, often paving the way for an operation with their
remote intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance (ISR) capabilities. Those
familiar with military drones may think of million-dollar UAVs like the Predator
with comprehensive electronic weapons payloads, including radar and sophisticated
navigation and guidance systems. The military demand for fixed- and rotary-wing
UAVs has grown steadily over the past decade...
Manjunatha Reddy and Tabish Khan, of Cadence
Design Systems, have an article entitled, "Solid-State
T/R Module Design and Modeling for Radar Applications" on the Microwave
Product Digest website. Sure, it's really an infomercial for the company, but
the content is very useful. "Transmit / receive (T/R) modules are at the heart of
all radar systems employing beam-steering phased-array antennas. These active phased-array
radars (APARs) typically require solid-state T/R modules with high-output power,
low-noise figure (NF), high third-order intercept (TOI), and sufficient gain in
order to function properly. Since the T/R module is 40-60% of the overall RF front-end
cost, it is imperative to use an architecture that meets all requirements with the
most cost-effective technology..."
Triad RF Systems, a leading designer and
manufacturer of integrated radio systems and high performance RF/Microwave amplifiers,
announced that they recently received their certificate of
Aerospace Standard 9100D (AS9100D) registration from Dekra Certification, Inc.
for its manufacturing facilities located in East Brunswick, NJ. Triad's certification
validates a decade of integrated radio system and RF/Microwave amplifier design
and manufacturing excellence in the military, defense, UAV, and CubeSat markets
for high quality, state-of-the-art RF/microwave amplifiers and subsystems that push
the limits of size, features, efficiency, and linearity. Triad has earned a reputation
for developing...
Transient Specialists specializes in
EMC test equipment rentals
and carries a complete line of ESD guns, surge immunity test equipment, and EFT
generators. Rentals available for military (Mil-Std 461), automotive (ISO 7637),
and commercial (IEC 61000-4) EMC testing. Flexible terms, accredited calibrations
and technical support on EMC testing equipment offered. Equipment consists of top
EMC Test System manufacturers, including Teseq, Thermo Keytek, EM Test and EMC Partner.
Contact Transient Specialists today for your ESD / EMC / RFI testing needs.
Sunday 15
This March 15, 2020,
tech-themed crossword puzzle contains only clues and terms associated with engineering,
science, physical, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, etc., which I have personally
built over nearly two decades. Many new words and company names have been added
that had not even been created when I started in the year 2002. You will never find
a word taxing your knowledge of a numbnut soap opera star or the name of some obscure
village in the Andes mountains. You might, however, encounter the name of a movie
star like Hedy Lamarr or a geographical location like Tunguska, Russia, for reasons
which, if you don't already know, might surprise you.
Since 2003, Bittele Electronics has consistently
provided low-volume, electronic contract manufacturing (ECM) and turnkey PCB assembly
services. It specializes in board level turnkey
PCB assembly for design
engineers needing low volume or prototype multi-layer printed circuit boards.
Free
Passive Components: Bittele Electronics is taking one further
step in its commitment of offering the best service to clients of its PCB assembly
business. Bittele is now offering common passive components to its clients FREE
of Charge.
These archive pages are provided in order to make it easier for you to find items
that you remember seeing on the RF Cafe homepage. Of course probably the easiest
way to find anything on the website is to use the "Search
RF Cafe" box at the top of every page.
About RF Cafe.
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