October 4, 1965 Electronics
[Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Electronics,
published 1930 - 1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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"Japanese electronics firms' real
strength is their engineers, characterized by creativity, ingenuity and an awesome willingness
to work long and hard." That statement by editor Lewis Young is the key point in this
article that appeared in a 1965 issue of Electronics magazine. That Japanese
technology companies were deemed to be only about five years behind the U.S. was a real
wake-up call to America and the European countries. Both Europe and Japan had been very
diligent about rebuilding and modernizing techniques and infrastructure since the destruction
caused by World War II. A few stories about Japan's post-war efforts report on how
the government left most of the responsibility (aka financing) up to universities and
private companies. Industry in some of the more Socialist countries of Europe had the
assistance of taxpayer subsidization and the willingness of governments to take on debt
to funnel investment money to corporations.
Japan: An Industrious Competitor
This is the first in a series of editorials on the
Far East by Lewis H. Young, editor, who is on a trip through Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
When Japanese companies exhibited for the first time at the International Components
Show in Paris last April, European electronics companies were clearly worried. The Japanese
have a way of moving into a market and dominating it. Throughout the world, their electronics
concerns are feared and respected.
On the surface there seems to be no reason for these companies to cause such agitation
in foreign competitors. Japanese technology is "five years behind that in the United
States," according to Prof. Hiroshi Inose of Tokyo University, who has worked at the
Bell Telephone Laboratories in the U. S. Japanese research facilities are usually small
and crowded with equipment. Plants are shabby for the most part, many still bearing the
scars of bombings during World War II.
Nor is cheap labor the principal asset of Japan's electronics industry. Wages are
rising rapidly, 10% to 13% a year.
Japanese electronics firms' real strength is their engineers, characterized by creativity,
ingenuity and an awesome willingness to work long and hard.
American executives who worry about competition from Japan might be surprised at the
pains to which the Japanese go to avoid face-to-face competition with American products.
It was this reluctance to compete directly that prompted the Sony Corp. to develop a
color-television receiver that uses a Chromatron tube instead of the shadow-mask tube
used by manufacturers in the United States.
Research money is hard to come by; almost every Japanese executive bemoans the paucity
of government money to finance research and development. Most fundamental research is
done at the universities; companies concentrate on development of products.
Until recently, the Japanese electronics industry has concentrated on consumer products.
Now the industry is changing, designing more sophisticated equipment for industrial and
commercial uses. Before 1966, Japanese firms expect to introduce such new products as
a low-priced, large-capacity computer for direct digital control of industrial processes,
using integrated circuits and designed around the requirements of a chemical plant; an
electronic calculator, also built with integrated circuits; and a microwave oscillator
operating on the Gunn-effect principle.
The Japanese engineer must be just about the hardest-working in the world. Although
the official work week is 43 to 45 hours, many engineers remain on the job 65 and 70
hours a week. At the Nippon Electric Co. plant at Tamagawa, where an integrated-circuit
production line is being installed, the project engineer often works 30 hours at a stretch.
Sony's chief engineer for advanced television engineering routinely works 70 hours a
week.
Money is not the incentive, because Japanese engineers' pay is shockingly low. A college
graduate in his first job receives about 24,000 yen a month - about $67. After five years,
his earning increases to $84 a month plus an annual bonus of six or seven months' pay.
After 15 years, a typical electronics engineer receives $145 to $200 a month.
Besides direct pay, the Japanese engineer receives far more fringe benefits than does
his American counterpart: such extras as free housing, work clothes, daily tea, hospitalization,
free schooling for his children, stays at mountain resorts at ridiculously low rates,
and a retirement program.
The Japanese engineer's greatest compensation is likely to be recognition - publication
of his work or praise of his technical competence by his associates - particularly recognition
from colleagues in the U. S. To many a Japanese engineer, a highlight of a career is
an invitation to present a technical paper at an American technical society.
One Japanese executive may have been speaking for the entire electronics industry
in his country when he said: "Our engineering is our greatest strength. I think one of
our engineers does the work of two American engineers."
That human resource goes a long way toward overcoming Japan's deficiency in natural
wealth.
Posted October 31, 2018
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