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October 18, 1965 Electronics
 [Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Electronics,
published 1930 - 1988. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
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Electronics magazine
editor Lewis H. Young dedicated a series of issues in 1965 to reporting on
the state of electronics research and production in Japan. The
December
13 edition had many articles on the subject. The world was still in the early
phase of a major transition from vacuum tubes and discrete components to transistors
and integrated circuits. Japan was at the leading edge of that effort - and it was
very successful. Ample evidence of the not-quite-there-yet status of the transition
is all the advertisements in this edition of the magazine. Products showcased by
manufacturers were discrete, not integrated - that applies to both electronic and
mechanical subjects. When you look at those components and assemblies, you get a feel
for what made them work because the individual parts are in view. Many modern products
are integrated into packaged and tested subassemblies that are ready to be integrated
into higher level products. High performance, high functionality products can thereby
be developed and produced at a blazing speed. Both the professional and the DIY
communities have benefitted greatly. Look no farther than
Lego Mindstorms robot sets and
Arduino functional blocks for proof.
All these articles appeared in this issue:
Westernizing
Japan |
Japanese Technology - The New Push for Technical Leadership |
Japanese Technology - When You're Second, You Try Harder |
Japan Stresses Research |
Japan: An Industrious Competitor
Japan Stresses Research
 Editorial
(This is the second of a series of editorials from the Far East by editor Lewis
H. Young.)
The Japanese electronics industry has existed on ideas and technology borrowed
from abroad. Low labor costs have enabled the industry to absorb licensing costs
and still meet foreign competition; but their increasing dependence on foreign patents
has impressed manufacturers with the need for originality.
The result has been a startling growth in research. Nine separate research facilities
have been established at the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., a producer of consumer
goods, communications equipment, and semiconductors. Though eight of them are attached
to operating divisions, the ninth is a central research laboratory with 500 employees
who are investigating projects in physics, chemistry, and electronics. Matsushita
expects to double the size of the central lab in a few years.
Matsushita is not alone. Hitachi Ltd.'s central research facility has grown from
600 to 1,400 employees in the last five years, and another hundred will be added.
The research lab formed by Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., in 1961 has grown to 230 employees
and will hit 300 in a few months. The Electrical Communications Laboratory, the
research arm of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corp., added a big new
building last year and plans another.
Such growth is reflected in the amount of money being spent on research and development.
Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., spends 7% of its sales, which last year were $231 million,
on R&D; Hitachi, which makes everything from transistors to locomotives and
last year had total sales of $1.1 billion, spends 5% of electronics sales for electronics
research. The rate is double Hitachi's average for research in all fields. Matsushita
spends 3.8% of sales on R&D, though many of its products, like wiring devices
and pumps for homes, require little R&D money.
Some of the projects now under way in research labs are advanced; examples are
voice analysis at Nippon Electric, diffraction of crystals by slow electron beams
at Tokyo Shibura Electric Co. (Toshiba), investigation of new electroluminescent
materials at Sanyo Electric, and of active thin film devices at the Mitsubishi Electric
Corp., and the development of languages for hybrid (combined digital and analog)
computers at Hitachi.
But originality has not been a hallmark of Japanese research. There are two basic
reasons, one historical and one economic.
For nearly 300 years, until the middle of the 19th century, Japan cut itself
off from the rest of the world, and consequently fell far behind in technology.
The country scrambled to catch up, borrowing heavily from the West - then saw the
major part of its industry wiped out in World War II. The catching-up process had
to begin all over again, and the important goal was technology itself, not innovation.
Japanese electronics engineers, says the senior managing director at Matsushita,
Tetsujiro Nakao, "were educated with technology imported from the United States
and Europe. They digested it and used it the best way they could."
A further barrier to basic research was erected by Japanese management, which,
like management anywhere, tends to demand that research prove its worth quickly.
Since development produces results much faster, the product of most Japanese research
has been mixed R&D.
A recession which is current in Japan has not helped; to combat a drop in sales,
companies are concentrating on new products, stressing development at the expense
of research. For example, Matsushita's central lab has just come up with a design
for a new consumer video tape recorder - a project most United States companies
would have assigned to a development engineering department.
But management is beginning to see the light - and one reason is that U. S. companies,
which hold patents on key techniques, have put a stranglehold on Japanese technology.
Research offers the only path around the U. S. patents. Matsushita has developed
a new ceramic piezoelectric material, lead titanate, for ultrasonic generators so
that it will not need barium titanate, which is covered by U. S. patents.
In general, research is succeeding. When the Hokushin Electric Works, Ltd., signed
with the Fischer & Porter Co. in 1958, it agreed to pay the U. S. company royalties
of from 5% to 8%. In 1963, that agreement was replaced by a 25-year non-royalty
technical exchange and cross-licensing agreement. And next March, when Mitsubishi's
15-year-old one-way pact with the Westinghouse Corp. expires, it will be replaced
by an exchange agreement that will allow for two-way flow of technical information.
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