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Here is page 2 of the
April 2015 homepage archive.
Amateurs: Add to Ham Shack
 Oscilloscopes for Radio Amateurs: Add a Scope
to Your Ham Shack, by Paul Danzer, is filled with practical information you'll
need for using a scope. It begins with an overview of the oscilloscope and continues
on to discuss characteristics, applications, probes, controls, and input modes.
If you're considering adding this piece of test equipment to your ham shack, there
is an explanation of scope specifications and features to help you select an oscilloscope
that is right for you.
& Doppler Radar Pages
Updated
 The latest RF Cafe reference pages to be update
are Doppler,
Path Loss,
Propagation
Time, and Radar Equation. As with the others, graphics have been improved
and page content reformatted to be (hopefully) more
user friendly. Please let me know if you spot any problems. Thanks.
Hiram Percy Maxim Dies
 Hiram Percy Maxim is a name known to every
American licensed amateur radio operator, since he was the primary found of the
American Radio Relay League (ARRL). This obituary
that was printed in the May 1936 edition of Radio-Craft reported on his death at
age 66 (the article incorrectly says 67 years old)
- young by today's standards, but about normal a century ago. Although he lived
in Connecticut, he was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery, located in Hagerstown, Maryland.
A couple years ago, Melanie and I were visiting her mother, who lives in Hagerstown
(we once lived there as well), and set out to locate
his place of final rest. I wrote about in this story titled "Hiram Percy Maxim's Gravesite in Hagerstown, Maryland."
ImPAct Award
Orbel-Honored-Governor-ImPAct-Award-4-13-2015.htm" >
 Orbel Corporation is being honored with a Orbel-Honored-Governor-ImPAct-Award-4-13-2015.htm" >Small
Business ImPAct Award as part of the third annual Governor's ImPAct Awards, recognizing
businesses that create jobs and generate an economic impact within the state. The
Small Business ImPAct Award is given to a small business
(100 or less employees) that is an innovator within its industry, demonstrated
revenue/profit growth, increased its workforce, and is committed to the growth and
development of its employees and community. Orbel's EMI/RFI shielding technology
has helped to usher in automation to nearly all industries, promoted the viability
of manufacturing within the Orbel-Honored-Governor-ImPAct-Award-4-13-2015.htm" ...
An Electronic Quiz
 Thyratrons, klystrons, and magnetrons I've
heard of, but trochotrons, charactrons, tonotrons I ain't heard of. That made this
quiz more of a learning exercise for me than a test of any sort of knowledge possessed.
I thought an 'ignitron' was a pejorative term for a really dumb techie wannabe.
In all there are 17 types of '-tron' devices given for which to match from a list
of descriptions. You'll probably do better than I did
...
Generators & Plasma
Jets
Heuermann-HF-Technik-2p45-GHz-Generators-Plasma-Jets-4-14-2015.htm" >
 HHF is the first company who offers generators
(PlasMaster) in the power range between 10 W and 200
W including a control circuit to fulfill hot S-parameter measurements and to look
on the best S11-value in the IMS-band. Additionally
plasma jets from 10W-MiniJet up to 200W-PCA jet
with cannula for cleaning, disinfection, activating, coating, melting
and welding, as well as a low power generators, low pressure chamber coupler, and
more support equipment.
 "Because we now have shared calendars, people
can kidnap our time." - Leigh Buchanan,
The Psychology of Productivity, Inc
magazine.
 The first electronic circuit I remember building
as a budding teenage tinkerer was a
'whistler' detector, aka a 'sferic.' Instructions and a schematic came from a project book
I bought at Radio Shack. A whistler is a time-varying electromagnetic signal that
decays in both frequency and volume over a short time - like sounds made by the
eponymous fireworks genre. Having always had an interest in weather phenomena as
part of my flying hobbies,, it seemed like an apt learning endeavor. To
my recollection, the whistler detector was a simple diode circuit with a couple
Rs, Ls, and Cs strewn around in a particular configuration, and a long wire antenna.
I can't honestly say
...
Workbook Updated to v7.1
 While updating the Doppler frequency reference
page, I discovered an error in the free RF Calculator Workbook v7.0. It does not
properly adjust the units based on user settings. I just posted v7.1 to fix the
issue.
RF Calculator Workbook v7.1 can be downloaded now, also for free.
If you purchased the unlocked version, please contact me and I will send you a replacement.
Please forgive the inconvenience.
TV System
 When I first saw this article on the 'G-line' transmission system, I though the cone at each end of
the line was just a gimmick to make it look high-tech. My ignorance of the way the
system works was responsible. As it turns out, the 'G-line' transmission medium,
named after inventor Dr. Georg Goubau, an engineer at the renowned U.S. Army Signal
Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, NJ, used the cone to transition
a finite radius coaxial cable outer conductor to an infinite radius, sort of virtual, outer conductor that was free space.
Doing so permitted a single line to do the job of carrying a signal from point A
to point B. This significantly reduced the installation and maintenance cost of
deploying
...
Ad: Transatlantic Cable
 Prior to satellite communications, long-distance
messages were carried by footmen, horses and riders, smoke signals, trains, airplanes,
boats, lanterns, sign language, printed media, radio frequency, and cables. All
had their advantages and disadvantages, but none other than cable could provide
reliable, nearly instantaneous conversations across and between continents - or
cities for that matter. Stringing wires on poles over the landscape was a relatively
simple task compared to that of laying
cable along the ocean floor. Maintenance on underwater cable and
amplifiers was exceedingly difficult or even impossible in some sections. Developing
a suitable insulation to withstand the harsh salt water environment and the extreme
pressures at great depths
...
 "What's the big deal about a
night vision scope for your rifle?," you might ask, since "I can
buy an infrared scope for my rifle on Amazon for under $100." The answer is that
no, it is not a big deal now, but in the 1940s while it was being developed and
deployed for the military, it was Top Secret. Just radar is a yawn in any discussion
of leading edge technology today, it was vital to keeping the free world free. It
wasn't until after World War II had ended that infrared scopes found their
way into unclassified articles, but even then the cost was way more than any non-governmental
entity could afford. The Barska IR scope from Amazon is not a top-end product, but
chances are that being all solid state, it
...
with Zero Outgassing
Emissions
XMA-40-GHz-Termination-Zero-Outgassing-Emissions-4-10-2015.htm" >
 XMA Corporation, a leader in advanced microwave
and RF products, announced the release of
high frequency terminations with zero outgassing features. A
recent independent test performed by Integrity Testing Laboratory (ITL) confirmed
an important finding that 40 GHz millimeter wave terminations manufactured by XMA
Corporation meets ASTM Method E 595 Total Mass Loss and Collected Volatile Condensable
Material (CVCM) standards. Under a controlled temperature and humidity environment,
the assemblies XMA-40-GHz-Termination-Zero-Outgassing-Emissions-4-10-2015.htm" ...
Refinishing Project
 In case you are
a fellow woodworker: For as long as both Melanie and I can remember this old
coat tree has been standing in her parent's house
- first in Hagerstown, Maryland, then in two locations in West Virginia, and finally
back in Hagerstown, Maryland. After her mother moved into a senior care home, we
'inherited' it, which was great for me because, being obviously old, I really liked
it. As you can see from the 'before' picture, it was in pretty rough shape
…
& Data Chart
 Here is a
vacuum tube chart everybody needs. Well, not really, but surely
somebody out there in the RF Cafe audience will find it useful. By 'audience' I
mean most likely a hobbyist who is restoring or repairing a vintage tube-type radio,
television, piece of test equipment, etc., who has never even heard of RF Cafe,
but finds exactly what he (or she) needs as the result
of a Google (Bing, Yahoo, whatever) search. If it
seems like you can find information on just about anything you need on the Internet
these days, it is at last partly because of efforts like
...
for Optenni Lab and ANSYS
HFSS
Integrated-Workflow-Optenni-Lab-ANSYS-HFSS-4-10-2015.htm" >
 Optenni Ltd announces an improved link between
ANSYS® HFSS and
Optenni Lab™ for designing matching circuits for antennas and RF components
based on 3D models simulated with HFSS. This tight integration is made possible
by the new Integrated-Workflow-Optenni-Lab-ANSYS-HFSS-4-10-2015.htm" >ANSYS®
Electronics Desktop™ technology included with HFSS. It delivers a new paradigm for
electronic design with highly productive drag and drop dynamic links between electromagnetic
field extraction and circuit simulation for easy problem set-up and reliable product
performance.
An important challenge in the daily work of antenna design engineers is to ensure
that Integrated-Workflow-Optenni-Lab-ANSYS-HFSS-4-10-2015.htm" ...
 Headlines have been reporting good times are
rolling around most of the world for just about anyone with
high tech
skills who is looking for a job. We here in the U.S. evidently cannot grow enough
engineers, technicians and scientists domestically fast enough to fill increasing
demands by employers, so Congress is repeatedly increasing the number of every type
of work visa on the books to facilitate the importation of qualified people. I say
"evidently" because depending on who you ask, a large part of the motivation for
hiring foreign talent is to take advantage of being able to exploit their vulnerability
to demands of lower pay and more more hours
...
-
Boomers: For Your Next
Career Move, Look to
Your 20s -
The Ultimate Guide to the
Digital Job Search
[Infographic] -
YouTernAre You Going to
Be Rich? <more>
Contest Pick List
 If it has been a while since you looked through
my list of titles available as part of the monthly
Book
Drawing contest, now would be a good time since four new books were just added.
Thanks to the generosity of publishers like
Artech
House, Cambridge
University Press, and McGraw Hill, I have been able to offer a book or two every month
to RF Cafe visitors who have entered via a simple process. To date, about 120 books
have been given away. Not only are the books made available for free, but I have
personally paid for postage on all of them - even the many shipped to overseas winners.
These books typically carry a retail price of well over $100, and they are of course
of very recent publication since I receive them from the publishers to review often
times prior to ...
Page Re-Worked
 Re-work of the
directional
coupler reference page on RF Cafe is complete. As with many of the other pages,
I am updating the drawings and textual information to bring them up to 2015 standards
that allow for more bandwidth than back in the early 2000s when they were first
designed; i.e., more HTML-based formatting and larger graphics. Please take a look
if you have a chance and let me know if I got anything wrong. Thanks.
RFMW Introduces 1200 MHz MiniRF Passive Splitter
RFMW-1200-MHz-MiniRF-Passive-Splitter-4-9-2015.htm" >
 RFMW, Ltd. announces design and sales support
for a 5 to 1200 MHz passive, 2-way splitter from MiniRF. The
MRFSP5725 provides a low cost, highly reliable
solution for broadband CATV designs. Characterized for use in 75 ohm circuits,
the MRFSP5725 offers 28 dB of isolation with typical insertion loss of only
0.5 dB. Lead free and RoHS compliant, the MRFSP5725 comes in a surface mountable
0.15 x 0.15 x 0.115" package. Amplitude balance measures 0.2 dB with phase
balance of 1.5°. The MRFSP5725 joins the MiniRF 5 to 1002 MHz model MRFSP0014
in a series of low-cost splitters for broadband RFMW-1200-MHz-MiniRF-Passive-Splitter-4-9-2015.htm"
...
AS9100 Certification
Reactel-Achieves-AS9100-Certification-4-7-2015.htm" >
 Reactel, designer and manufacturer of
RF & Microwave
Filters, Multiplexers and Multifunction Assemblies, announced today that it
has achieved AS9100 certification. AS9100 is a quality standard for companies that
design, develop, or produce aerospace products. Reactel's AS9100 certification is
a dual certification, meeting all of the requirements of ISO 9001as well as the
additional requirements specific to the aerospace industry. Prior to receiving AS9100
certification, Reactel had been ISO 9001 certified since 1996. “AS9100 certification
will benefit all facets of Reactel's operation. Its Reactel-Achieves-AS9100-Certification-4-7-2015.htm"
...
by Short Wave
 This could be one of the earliest reports
of mobile communications between a private automobile and a home base station. Using
a personally designed and installed
5-meter transceiver both at home and in his car, Mr. Wallace
is able to talk to his 12-year-old son on the way from work. My guess is that in
1935 there were not too many traffic jams, even in Long Beach, California, being
the cause for his announced expected later than normal arrival. The auto power supply
needed to produce 300 mA of current at 525 V (~160 W).
My question is whether little Billy possessed a license permitting him to talk back
to dear old dad from the home station? If not, it really doesn't matter at
this point since there is probably some statute of limitations that absolves him
from
...
August 1935 Short Wave
Craft
 You might not have the need for a variable
capacitor made from a match box and a couple strips of tin foil, but there are plenty
of other 'kinks' offered here that could be of use to you when the 'right' part
is not available. For instance, maybe a transformer exhibits an audible hum because
of improper construction, or maybe a vernier dial is needed for an adjustment knob.
In all, there are 11 tips from way back in 1935 offered by fellow
radio enthusiasts.
Articles for April
 A lot of new articles have been posted by
the well-known RF and microwave industry magazines since I last created a list
like this. The items below are ones that particularly interest me, but once you
click on one of them to get to the article, you can easily get to the magazine's
homepage to see what else is available. Here is a complete list of all featured
RF & microwave articles.
Fun with Morse Code
 CW Geek's Guide to Having Fun with Morse Code,
by Dan Romanchik (KB6NU). Says Dan, "I thought some of your readers might be interested
in my latest book. As you know, passing a Morse Code test is no longer required
to get an amateur radio license, but there's still a mystique about Morse Code,
and if you tune into the ham bands any evening or on the weekend, you'll find that
the music of CW (as we call it) is alive and well."
Intros 3 New UMTS Filters
Microwave-Filter-Company-Intros-UMTS-Filters-4-7-2015.htm" >
 Microwave Filter Company announces the addition
of three new Microwave-Filter-Company-Intros-UMTS-Filters-4-7-2015.htm" >UMTS
(2100 MHz) cavity filter products. Prices begin at
$425 each. Microwave Filter Company offers a variety of products to service the
UMTS band. Products include transmit band, receive band filters and full band duplexers.
 Here are a four more
electronics-themed comics from magazines of the days of yore,
this time from a 1948 edition of Radio-Craft magazine. Evidently Radio-Craft
readers would submit ideas for funnies and then artist Frank Beaven would draw the
comics. My interest in rockets makes me really appreciate the one with the missile's
flight being affected by the musical 'interference.' It is rare to find a comic
in a technical or hobby magazine these days. I don't know why that is. Enjoy.
...
 "A googleplex is precisely as far from infinity
as is the number 1 ... No matter what number you have in mind, infinity is larger."
- Carl Sagan. Sagan's
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage series on PBS in 1980 is largely
responsible for my interest in astronomy as a hobby. Although I had a small el cheapo
2"
Tasco refractor telescope, a desire to view the
kinds of deep space objects featured on Cosmos prompted me to scrape up
$120 (a lot of dough in 1980) for a 6"
Newtonian type reflector telescope. A lot of
people have had a magnified look at the surface of the moon if from nothing else
a camera telephoto lens, but viewing Saturn's rings and Jupiter's moons through
a 'real' telescope will take your breath away. They seem unreal. For a real intellectual
and even emotional rush, use an
8-inch or larger telescope to view a globular
star cluster like Messier 13 in Hercules or the amazing cluster
of galaxies in
Coma Berenices. A picture doesn't come close
to replicating the 3-dimensional perspective of the view through an eyepiece.
Involvement in Electronics
New Applications in
the Home
 Silicon controlled rectifiers
(SCR) have been around for half a century and are
still workhorses in power control and switching circuits. The SCR's usefulness comes
both from being a diode with a settable forward conduction point
('breakover voltage') and its property of continuing
to conduct below that threshold voltage once it has been reached. It then stays
'on,' acting like a conventional bipolar junction diode until
p-n junction is no longer forward biased. At that point the diode
is 'off' again until the breakover voltage is once again reached. When a sinewave
is applied, as in a power supply design, this action allows the SCR to be turned
on for less than half a cycle as a standard diode would do. Yes, you could design
a biasing circuit to prevent a standard diode from conduction until
...
Pages Updated
 Back when I first created the reference pages
for mathematically cascading IP2, IP3, NF, and P1dB values, conservation of Internet bandwidth was a serious
concern that required streamlining content - particularly images. Equations were
mostly presented in text format with whatever HTML stylizing tags were available.
As preparations continue for a smartphone app and maybe even a computer program,
I am updating many pages that have not been touched in years. Please take a look
when you have a chance.
3 New Duplexer Designs
anatech-product-update-4-6-2015.htm" >
 Anatech Electronics offers the industry's largest
portfolio of high-performance standard and customized RF and microwave filters and
filter-related products for military, commercial, aerospace and defense, and industrial
applications up to 40 GHz. Anatech has released three new filter designs: a
3437.5 & 3537.5 MHz connectorized cavity duplexer filter, a 2067.5 & 2475
MHz connectorized band combiner filter, and a 897.5 & 942.5 MHz connectorized
ceramic anatech-product-update-4-6-2015.htm" ...
in the March 2015 Drawing!
 Phillip S., of Pueblo West, CO, is the second
winner in the March 2015 RF Cafe Book Drawing. Phillip selected
The Satellite Communication Ground Segment and Earth
Station Handbook, by Bruce Elbert. Each month I draw a name or two randomly
from a list of people who have bought my
software
and offer a choice of a free top grade technical book from publishers like
Artech
House and Cambridge University Press. I pay shipping costs as well. Ain't
I a nice guy?
Crossword Puzzle
 Take a break and work this week's
RF & microwave engineering themed crossword puzzle. All the
words are pulled from a hand-built list of terms, names, and abbreviations that
have only to do with science, mathematics, and engineering. If you want a crossword
with names of movie stars and obscure countries, try the local newspaper. If you
want to exercise your nerd knowledge, this is the one for you.
 News headlines are filled with stories about
how certain segments of the society are routinely excluded from participation in
activities which have been historically 'dominated' by adult white males - not unlike
Santa's sleigh propulsion units banning poor Rudolph from join in any reindeer games.
Not only have 'outsiders' been prevented from engagement, but, you would likely
concluded based on the invective words that drip from the pens and/or mouths of
those reporting, tireless campaigns have been mounted to see to it that exclusiveness
continues. I will agree that there have been instances of preferential treatment
by some groups and people, but I also know many attempts have been made over the
decades to attract other than white males into all
...
to Substrate, PCB
Fab & Assy
 Asia
Pacific Circuits has been added to the RF Cafe "Substrate &
PCB Fabrication & Assembly" vendor page. PCB & PCB assembly contract
manufacturer provides high quality, low-cost PCB fabrication & full turn-key
PCB assembly. Electronic CM services for multilayer PCB 1-60 layers, HDI, BGA, flexible/rigid
PCB; Rogers, aluminum, Teflon PCB. PCBA capabilities: SMT, through-hole, mixed, &
BGA assembly.
100 W Iso-Attenuator Protects and Monitors
RFMW-100-W-Iso-Attenuator-Protects-Monitors-4-1-2015.htm" >
 RFMW, Ltd. announces design and sales support
for the Iso-Attenuator model
RFSL2536-A30 from RF Circulator Isolator, Inc
(RFCI). RFCI RFMW-100-W-Iso-Attenuator-Protects-Monitors-4-1-2015.htm" >Iso-Attenuators
protect active components from distortion or potentially damaging reflected power
while providing a convenient, attenuated port for monitoring RF power. As part of
a feedback loop, the 30 dB attenuated signal allows RF power to be regulated. The
RFSL2536-A30 is capable of handling 1000 W peak / 200 W average forward power and
100W CW reverse power into the on-board, 30 dB attenuator. Spanning 1920 to 2125
MHz, the RFCI RFSL2536-A30 provides >23 dB typical RFMW-100-W-Iso-Attenuator-Protects-Monitors-4-1-2015.htm"
...
of "No-Code" Test
 I tend to be a traditionalist for most things,
but don't go out of my way to make trouble for other people who don't appreciate
the way things are and have been... as long as, per Thomas Jefferson, "It neither
picks my pocket nor breaks my leg." In other words, if your actions cause me no
financial or physical harm, I'm not likely to oppose your actions - unless they're
illegal. Many older Hams are greatly offended at the FCC for having removed the
Morse code requirement in 2005 for obtaining an amateur radio
operator's license. They see it as a way to separate the wheat from the chaff, so
to speak; that is to say, to maintain a barrier that keeps non-serious aspirants
from gaining entry into the ranks of the elite group of communications hobbyists
...
to America Open
 "Tokyo is now a next-door neighbor-thanks
to the magic of short-waves." That statement was made in a 1935 edition of
Short Wave Craft magazine after the American Telephone and
Telegraph (AT&T) company completed its wireless
phone (voice) link between the U.S. and Japan; which
is the first 'T' in AT&T. Most people today would probably have a hard time
guessing that the second 'T' in AT&T stands for 'telegraph.' Its surprising
that the name has not been changed to reflect the outdated-ness. Western Union sent
its final telegraph in 2006. Another news headline a couple years ago reported on
India
...
Book Winner Pamela N. !!!
Pamela N., of Eldersburg, MD, is the March
2015 book drawing winner. Pamela opted for
Chipless RFID Reader Architecture. Each
month I randomly select a name or two from people who have bought
RF Cafe
software products during the month. Not only is the book free, but I pay postage
out of my own pockets. To date more than Graciously
provided by Artech House
Educational Video Library
Microwave-Journal-Releases-Educational-Video-Library-4-2-2015.htm" >
 Microwave Journal announces the release
of Microwave
Media, a new video platform for educational and demonstration videos and other
multi-media content, such as webinars and slide shows. Microwave Media has hundreds
of videos that are organized by application, product, event and company, including
the popular Microwave Journal bi-monthly series, Frequency Matters. The video platform
allows editors, with a click of the mouse, to curate entire channels of quality
content from sites such as YouTube and Vimeo. The curated videos complement Microwave
Journal's exclusive webinars produced with Microwave-Journal-Releases-Educational-Video-Library-4-2-2015.htm"
...
to Courthouse
 IMS ExpertServices periodically sends me e-mails
that highlight recent key court cases that can significantly affect the effectiveness
of expert testimony, both for the plaintiff and for the defendant. Joshua Fruchter's
latest article titled "From Dream House to Courthouse" reports on contract law involving
a well-known celebrity's epic battle with a major endorsement and promotion corporation
that clearly attempts to leverage said celeb's trademark lack of cerebral fortitude.
Mr. Fruchter's grasp and analysis of the situation once again reminds me that
if I am ever in need of expert witness testimony, he will be at the top of my list
for who to call! ...
 Having an unusual last name like 'Blattenberger'
in the U.S. has caused me a lot of abuse over the years as many people have felt
the need to either purposely mispronounce it or make make snide comments about its
length and number of syllables. Even school teachers joined in the fray, especially
on the first day of class when attendance was being taken. My drill sergeant in
USAF basic training, TSgt. Ramerez, chided me about it (circa
1978). People in America with
surnames of German origin were often the victims of physical abuse,
alienation, and derision during both World War I and World War II. You
hear a lot about the government's internment of Japanese Americans during WWII,
but some Germans were also rounded up merely because of their names. The truth is
poking fun at my
...
Techniques & Applications
 Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques &
Applications, by John Volakis, Chi-Chih Chen, and Kyohei Fujimoto. "The
most up-to-date methods on the theory and design of small antennas, including an
extensive survey of small antenna literature published over the past several years.
Written by experts at the forefront of antenna research, [this book] begins with
a detailed presentation of small antenna theory--narrowband and wideband--and progresses
to small antenna design methods, such as materials and shaping approaches for multiband
and wideband antennas. Generic"
...
5 GHz 802.11ac/n FEM
Skyworks-5-GHz-802p11-Front-end-Module-3-31-2015.htm" >
 Skyworks introduces a highly integrated, 5
GHz 802.11ac/n front-end module for mobile platforms including smartphones and tablets.
The fully matched SKY85716-11 FEM incorporates a 5 GHz single-pole,
double-throw transmit/receive switch, a 5 GHz low noise amplifier with bypass and
a 5 GHz power amplifier. Its0.33 mm package height makes it suitable for low profile
SiP modules in embedded systems. Direct to battery 3.0 V to 5.0 V operation eliminates
the need for an LDO regulator, reducing overall bill-of-material costs. The SKY85716-11
meets tough linearity targets with 17.5 dBm MCS7 and 16 dBm MCS9 output power at
Skyworks-5-GHz-802p11-Front-end-Module-3-31-2015.htm" ...
Announced
 In a move reminiscent of Microsoft announcing
skipping from Windows 8.1 directly to Windows 10 in order to emphasize
the significant step in functionality, the NexGen Mobile Network Alliance circulated
a press release detailing plans to skip past the in-process
5G standard (originally slated for a 2020
release date) and proceed with
6G. Unanticipated advances in breakthrough quantum computing algorithms,
terabit data rates over dilithium optical cables, and transmutational hypercubic
encoding schemes has prompted regulators to abandon work on 5G after hardware manufacturers
including both phone and tower equipment companies petitioned the standards body
to save them the engineering and production costs that would be involved in supporting
what would certainly be a very short term compliance requirement
...
 "Necessity is the mother of invention," is
a common saying that proves itself to be particularly true in times of war. World
War II launched
scientists and engineers belonging to both the Axis and the Allied
powers into inventive frenzies in their efforts to hasten an end to hostilities;
of course each side also wanted to be the victor. We all know how the story ended.
Although some countries were not immediately able to capitalize on their countrymen's
technical advances, within about a decade normalized relations had been established
between former foes, and the exchange of products, services and scientific information
proceeded. Some discoveries were deemed too valuable to national security and were
therefore not divulged even, in some instances, to friendly nations. Many scientists
consider themselves to be
...
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