March 1972 Popular Electronics
Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
from
Popular Electronics,
published October 1954 - April 1985. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
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When I read this installment
of Mac's Service Shop, in the March 1972 issue of Popular Electronics magazine,
the first thing that came to mind was my own experience with television interference
(TVI) when I was a kid. In that case, the transmitter of my radio control system
for a model airplane was the culprit. The frequencies and channels are almost exactly
the same as reported in this infodrama™. In the 1970s, citizen band (CB) radios operated
in the 27 MHz realm, as did my R/C transmitter. During summer vacation from
junior high and high school, I would run my model airplanes up and down the street in
front of my house, getting up just enough speed to lift off and then immediately
chopping the throttle and landing. As soon as the transmitter was switched on, nearby
housewives would lean out their doors and yell at me for screwing up "As the World Turns"
or "All My Children."
They were not particularly happy with noise from the engine, either. I eventually
adjusted my operation times to avoid the afternoon soap opera prime time.
Here is a web page showing the
OS Digitron DP-3, 3-channel R/C system.
Mac's Service Shop: TVI from the Victim's Viewpoint
By John T. Frye, W9EGV, KHD4167
Mac could hear Matilda's voice, shrill with anger, even before he opened the
door.
"I tell you, Barney," she was saying to the Number Two Technician of Mac's Service
Shop, "I'm not going to have my lovely Englebert Humperdinck program ruined by any
blabbermouth ham operating off his frequency."
"Now don't lose your cool, Matilda," Barney said soothingly. "How do you know
it was an amateur interfering with your program? Are you sure it wasn't a CB station?
Did you hear any call letters?"
"I certainly did," she answered, fishing a slip of paper from her purse, "and
I wrote them down. They were KHD4167, and he was talking to a KLK something or other."
"It was a CB station," Barney stated triumphantly. "CB stations have three letters
followed by four numerals. U.S. amateur stations have one or two letters followed
by a numeral and then two or three more letters."
"What's all this about?" Mac asked, shrugging off his overcoat. "Has someone
dared clobber our Girl Friday's dreamboat program?"
But she refused to be teased into a good mood. "I'm going to do something about
this," she warned. "I can't expect Barney to help me because he is a ham, but I
thought I could depend on you, Mac."
"Now just a cotton-picking minute!" Barney exploded. "Just because I'm a ham
doesn't mean I go along with interference to radio or TV reception that is the fault
of the transmitting station. I want to help you, too, but you've got to quit sizzling.
Did you talk to the CB operator? He probably has no idea he is interfering with
your reception."
"That's right, Matilda," Mac chimed in.
"Barney and I are on your side, but we need more facts. Come to think of it,
Barney, this is probably a good time to continue that review of interference problems
we started a couple of months ago. You'll remember then we talked about interference
to radios, PA systems, electronic organs, etc. Suppose now we talk about television
interference, or TVI, while Matilda listens for clues that may help with her particular
problem."
"I'm all ears." Barney agreed.
Television Interference. "The basic difference between radio
interference and TV interference lies in the receiving frequencies involved," Mac
began, lighting his pipe. "The radio broadcast band lies below the frequencies on
which amateur and CB stations operate, while the TV channels lie above the frequencies
of most amateur and CB stations. Also most radio receivers have an i-f frequency
of about 455 kHz, while TV i-f frequencies are likely to be near 41 MHz, with older
sets having i-f's from 21 to 27 MHz."
"I think I get it," Barney said slowly. "Radio interference almost always results
from a lack of selectivity in the receiver or its propensity to respond to spurious
signals, such as true images or harmonic images. But TV interference often comes
from a transmitter putting out appreciable amounts of power in the form of harmonics,
or multiples of the fundamental frequency, that fall in a TV channel. In such a
case, nothing done at the receiver will help. The harmonies must be attenuated at
the transmitter itself."
"That's right. While the fundamental frequency of a ham station at 21 MHz might
possibly get into the i-f of an old TV set because it was not properly shielded,
the third harmonic of such a signal will fall in Channel 3, 60-66 MHz, and the fourth
harmonic in Channel 6. 82-88 MHz. A 28-MHz ham station may have a second harmonic
in Channel 2, 54-60 MHz, and a third in Channel 6. A CB station operating in the
27-MHz band can have a second harmonic in Channel 2 and a third in Channel 5, 76-82
MHz. These harmonics constitute actual signals appearing in the TV spectrum, and
there's no way a receiver can differentiate between them and a duly transmitted
TV signal. Other higher order harmonics fall in the upper vhf, channels 7-13, but
ordinarily they are too weak to cause trouble except to nearby receivers picking
up weak telecast signals."
"Does an unwanted signal cause the same amount of interference, no matter where
it falls in a 6-MHz TV channel?"
"No. The worst interference results when the interfering signal falls near the
picture carrier, 1.25 MHz from the low edge of the channel; the color subcarrier,
4.83 MHz from the low end; or the sound carrier, 0.25 MHz from the high end. In
the first case, interference blacks out the picture entirely, makes a negative of
it by reversing the light and dark areas, or produces bars and cross-hatching in
the picture through beats between the harmonic signal and the picture carrier. In
the second case, there's breakup of the color. A harmonic falling near the audio
carrier interferes with the telecast sound. The degree of interference usually depends
on how near the interfering signal is to one of these sensitive frequencies."
"Then TV interference is almost always the fault of the transmitting equipment!"
Matilda said triumphantly.
"Whoa now! I didn't say that. I said such a possibility exists with TVI but it
is not present with radio interference. A 'clean' transmitted signal with spurious
radiations attenuated far below FCC requirements can still cause interference in
a TV receiver by overloading stages in the front end, by cross-modulation, or by
means of harmonics generated outside the transmitter by some non-linear device.
In all these cases; the fault is not in the transmitter.
"Front-end overload is very common when the TV receiving antenna is quite near
the transmitting antenna or in the beam of the latter. When an r-f stage is overloaded,
it operates nonlinearly and generates harmonics that are difficult to differentiate
from transmitted harmonics. However, a properly installed high-pass filter at the
TV tuner will greatly attenuate all signals below 54 MHz and usually cure front-end
overload, but it will not affect transmitted harmonics. On the other hand, a low-pass
filter installed on the transmitter output will attenuate harmonics that affect
TV reception. So will proper bypassing, shielding, r-f choking, etc., but we can't
go into measures taken to prevent the radiation of harmonics by ham or CB transmitters.
There are books devoted to that subject."
"Don't forget a strong nearby signal can get into the audio amplifier of a TV
set just as it does with a radio, PA amplifier, or any other audio amplifying device,"
Barney suggested. "A high-pass filter mayor may not help this. That business of
an external non-linear device producing harmonics is a rough one. The device can
be any oxidized joint between two pieces of metal, such as downspouting, electrical
wiring shielding, a metal clothes line, joints in a metal tower, a bad lightning
arrestor, or what have you. Often the condition is intermittent, to add to the confusion.
The Radio Amateur's Handbook published by the ARRL is probably the best down-to-earth
source of information on the cause and cure of all kinds of TVI."
"All very interesting - I think - but it doesn't solve my problem," Matilda said
impatiently.
"Was the interference only with the audio or was the picture messed up, too?"
Mac asked. "Did you try other channels? If so, were they OK?"
"The picture was not disturbed, only Humperdinck's lovely singing. Other channels
were fine, but only Channel 5 carried Humperdinck."
Mac did a little figuring and then made a telephone call. "Now we're getting
somewhere," he announced as he returned to the desk. "CB Channel 23 on 27.255 MHz
has a third harmonic on 81.765 MHz, only 15 kHz away from the sound carrier frequency
of Channel 5. A CB friend I know tells me the call letters you heard belong to a
man living directly across the alley behind you. Here is his name. The local CB
club has a TVI committee, as does the local ham club, and they will call you shortly
and set up a time when they can run some tests and see where the fault lies: in
his transmitter, your receiver, or neither. Then they will do what they can to correct
it."
"What if his transmitter is at fault but he'll not do anything about it?"
A Last Resort. "In that unlikely event you can, as a last resort,
send a complaint to the FCC in Washington, D. C. giving the name, address, and call
letters of the person causing the described interference. If he is not licensed,
they will send letters to him and to you. He will be given your name and address
and the nature of your complaint and will be requested to contact you for the running
of tests. He will be requested then to make a complete report, covering items as
his transmitting equipment and your receiving equipment, the tests he ran and the
results, the measures he took to correct the condition and the success he had, your
attitude, and the distance you live from the TV station being interfered with.
"If you are the only person in your neighborhood experiencing interference or
if you are trying to receive a TV station beyond normal good-reception distance,
the FCC probably will consider your complaint unreasonable and do nothing about
it. On the other hand, if the transmitting station is causing widespread interference
to the reception of good signals, the owner may be mandated to observe silence during
prime viewing time until the condition is corrected Note, however, that lodging
a complaint does not mean the offending station is going to be automatically 'taken
off the air.'"
"It might in one case," Barney offered. "If that station is operating illegally
- is not properly licensed, has an antenna higher than the legal limit, or is running
more power than permitted - the operator may be subject to a stiff fine. If he uses
profane or obscene language over the air, this is a federal offense and the fine
may be as much as $10,000, accompanied by imprisonment. A station operating illegally
certainly does not want the FCC monitoring truck parked in his alley."
"It's' far better to settle the complaint at the local level," Mac pointed out.
"A complaint sent the FCC usually means neighbors become enemies; yet they still
must cooperate to clear up the trouble."
"One more thing," Barney interrupted. "Yes?" Matilda questioned, her pencil poised.
"Don't call CB operators 'hams.' They are two entirely different kinds of cats!"
Posted February 21, 2024 (updated from original
post on 12/13/2017)
Mac's Radio Service Shop Episodes on RF Cafe
This series of instructive
technodrama™ stories was the brainchild of none other than John T.
Frye, creator of the Carl and Jerry series that ran in
Popular Electronics for many years. "Mac's Radio Service Shop" began life
in April 1948 in Radio News
magazine (which later became Radio & Television News, then
Electronics
World), and changed its name to simply "Mac's Service Shop" until the final
episode was published in a 1977
Popular Electronics magazine. "Mac" is electronics repair shop owner Mac
McGregor, and Barney Jameson his his eager, if not somewhat naive, technician assistant.
"Lessons" are taught in story format with dialogs between Mac and Barney.
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