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About RF Cafe
Copyright: 1996 - 2024 BSEE - KB3UON RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling 2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer. The World Wide Web (Internet) was largely an unknown entity at the time and bandwidth was a scarce commodity. Dial-up modems blazed along at 14.4 kbps while typing up your telephone line, and a nice lady's voice announced "You've Got Mail" when a new message arrived... All trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other rights of ownership to images
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The Television Test Pattern |
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Remember the test patterns that used to be broadcast by over-the-air broadcast stations that were used to align the electron beam defection circuitry in CRT-based televisions? That pattern of squares, circles, parallel and radial lines was generated by a special tube called a "Monoscope" (RCA 2F21) on the transmitter end. Focus, 4:3 picture aspect ratio, linearity, frequency response, and contrast and brightness were all tweaked to optimize the pattern on the TV receiver circuitry. Of course not all sets were capable of obtaining a perfect alignment due to inferior design and/or a scheme by the manufacturer to provide a lower cost model with the tradeoff being a poorer picture - that it the type of TV we always had in our household as a kid. As a side note, can you imagine the heck that would be raised if an Indian chief's head were to be used in a test pattern? The Television Test Pattern By M. S. Kay The test pattern has been designed to convey important performance data. Study it carefully.
Fig. 1 - "Indian Head" test pattern used by many television stations. Every television station, prior to its actual broadcasting period, transmits a test pattern for the purpose of permitting set owners to adjust their receiver controls for optimum reception. In addition, many stations set aside 3 to 4 hours during the day - generally the morning and afternoon - during which they transmit nothing but a test pattern accompanied either by a 400 cycle audio note or music. The purpose of this transmission is to enable television servicemen to install and/or repair television receivers. Without such aid, television work would be confined only to those relatively few evening hours when the stations are on the air. While equipment is becoming available now which will permit adequate television service work without the need of a transmitter on the air, no such simple solution is in sight for television receiver installations. Only a signal received from a station, as normally transmitted under actual operating conditions, can be of any assistance in properly orienting the television antenna. Television test patterns assume many forms, but the one in most common use today is that shown in Fig. 1. This pattern is produced by the RCA "Monoscope" tube, 2F21, from a plate built into the tube. When the station is transmitting this test pattern, the "Monoscope" supplies the complete signal in place of the television camera tube. With the aid of these test patterns, the television serviceman can check the adjustment of the following items concerning a television receiver: 1. Focus Setting; 2. Aspect Ratio; 3. Linearity Adjustment; 4. Frequency Response; 5. Shading and Contrast; 6. Interlacing. 1. Focus: Focusing of the image is probably the simplest operation of all. It consists merely in rotating the focus potentiometer until the various sections of the test pattern stand out sharp and clear. On either side of the correct focus control setting, the image will become blurred and fuzzy. Some receivers achieve focusing control by permitting adjustments to be made on the physical positioning of the focus coil along the neck of the cathode-ray tube. These adjustments are generally screwdriver adjustments and must be made from the back of the receiver. When one man is working alone on a set, the only way that he can see what is appearing on the screen is through the use of a mirror, placed facing the screen and tilted slightly upward. 2. Aspect Ratio: The aspect ratio is the ratio of the image width to the image height and in modern television has been standardized at 4 to 3. This means that the width is one and one-third times greater than the height. On the test pattern, Fig. 1, the large circle has a diameter which represents the three in the aspect ratio. In other words, it is three-fourths of the image width. The picture appearing on the television receiver screen should be adjusted until the upper and lower portions of the large circle are touching the top and bottom edges, respectively, of the screen mask. The width of the image is then increased until the four smaller circles are each in one corner of the screen. Note that the background of squares in the image also indicates the aspect ratio. There are eight horizontal squares across the image to six vertical squares. 8 divided by 6 equals 4 over 3. 3. Linearity: To check the proper setting of the vertical and horizontal linearity controls, examine the central circles in the image. If they are egg-shaped, the beam is not traveling at a uniform speed over the screen. Vertical non-linearity is indicated by the circle being "egg-shaped" in the vertical direction. See Fig. 2. By the same token, horizontal non-linearity is indicated by having the circle "egg-shaped" in the horizontal direction (Fig. 3). Whichever control is affected should be adjusted until the circles become circular again. (Note: It frequently happens that after this adjustment has been satisfactorily made for one station, that the same test pattern for one or more of the other local stations will be slightly egg-shaped. This is due to non-linearity in the scanning equipment at the broadcast station. The only thing the serviceman can do is to set the receiver linearity controls to some compromise position. Fortunately, with transmitted programs, slight non-linearity is seldom noticeable.)
Fig. 2 - An example of vertical non-linearity in a test pattern. Note how compressed the Indian Head is whereas the bottom third of the pattern image is "stretched out."
Fig. 3 - Example of horizontal non-linearity. 4. Frequency Response: The frequency response of a television receiver is one of its most critical features and determines how well an image will be resolved. Of particular importance is the extent of the low and high ends of this response and a careful check of the test pattern will indicate whether the system is fully compensated at each of these ends. High-Frequency Response. High-frequency response of the receiver can be judged by examination of the four wedges at the center of the test pattern. The numbers close to the wedges (i.e., 20, 30, 35, and 45) stand, respectively, for 200, 300, 350, and 450 line resolution. Between each of these numbers is a line which stands for the middle value. Thus, the line between 20 and 30 stands for 25, and the line between 35 and 45 is for 40. At the center, the number 30 means 300 lines. The word "line" refers to the number of lines that could be accommodated within the vertical height of the pattern. The frequency at which the system cuts off is indicated in the wedges at the point where the lines blend together and are no longer visible separately and distinctly. Thus, in most receivers, the lines run together between 30 and 40. In a poorly designed set, the lines may blend at 25. The circles in each corner also contain wedges with numerical line markings. However, the resolution of these circles is made less than the resolution of the center circles because the beam is not capable of being as sharply focused at the sides of the screen as it is in the center. The wedges are formed with the black and white lines having the same width if measured along a line normal to the wedge centerline at that point. It will be noted that the two horizontal wedges are identical to the two vertical wedges. This permits us to check both the horizontal and vertical resolutions of the system. The horizontal wedges are used to determine vertical resolution and the vertical wedges are used to determine horizontal resolution. That this should be so is evident from the following reasoning. Vertical resolution, for example, is dependent upon the closeness with which lines can be placed above each other. In the horizontal wedges, the lines are placed one above the other, with the spacing between them varying at various points along the horizontal wedges. When the lines are no longer distinguishable from each other, we have reached the limit of the vertical resolution. By the same token, the vertical wedges indicate how closely lines or details can be placed next to each other horizontally. When the system is no longer able to resolve these pinpoint white and black lines, they become indistinguishable and the limiting resolution has been reached. In a television receiver, the vertical resolution is almost entirely a function of the number of lines used, in this case, 525. Normally, the performance of the receiver has little effect upon this vertical resolution unless the interlacing is poor in which case other indications on the test pattern reveal this. (To be explained in detail later.) The horizontal resolution, on the other hand, is dependent upon the response and performance of the receiver r.f., i.f. and video-frequency stages and this is important to the serviceman. Hence, the vertical wedges are examined to determine- where the lines blend and the reading at this point is recorded as so many lines, say 300. This means that up to the number 30 in the test pattern the lines are separate and distinct but beyond this they run together. Through experience, most servicemen know that a resolution of 300 lines is close to a 4.0 mc. bandpass in the receiver, but they possess no accurate method of determining the system response for other values of line resolution. With the following formula, the conversion from the number of lines to frequency response can be readily achieved. Freq. (cycles) = 12,500 X N Where: N = number of lines as read from the test pattern. For example, if the lines merge at 300 lines, the receiver response is: Freq. = 12,500 X 300 = 3,750,000 cycles = 3.75 mc. When the receiver system is over-compensated at, the high frequencies, so that a definite peak results, then a process known as "ringing" will take place. We check for "ringing" with the two columns of single rectangular areas located on either side of the inner circle. The numbers (50, 300, 325, and 575) indicate the width of the nearest rectangle, the width being given as the number of lines which could be accommodated vertically in the image. If over-compensation or "ringing" is present, the rectangles will be followed on the screen by multiple rectangles somewhat similar to ghost images, but evenly spaced from each other. This can be explained as follows. When a signal containing high-frequency components is applied to this system, the effect, if sudden enough, will produce a series of high-frequency oscillations. These oscillations generally die out rapidly, but before they do, they place several small lines on the screen, each evenly spaced from the original sharp line (or rectangle) that produced them. The lines are produced by the negative peaks of each oscillatory cycle. Not all the oscillations produce visible marks on the screen. Generally only the first two or three are able to do this, depending on the extent of the over-compensation. When only slight over-peaking is present, it can be detected by examining the black horizontal bars at the bottom of the image. At the left-hand edge of these bars, the margin will be excessively black whereas at the right-hand edge, there will be a short excessively white margin following these bars. The total effect is to outline the bars, and to make them more sharply defined. Some servicemen are in favor of slight high-frequency over-compensation because they feel that a sharper, crisper image is obtained. However, if this procedure is followed, it should be done cautiously lest excessive over-compensation and "ringing" be produced.
Fig. 4 - A comprehensive test pattern designed for checking television transmitter response and operation. This is the standard RMA chart. Low-Frequency Response. The eleven black horizontal black bars located at the bottom of the test pattern are for the purpose of checking the low-frequency response. When the system has poor low-frequency response, the reproduced edges of the horizontal bars will be sharply defined, but will change from black to an excessive white, with a streamer shading from this white back to the normal background. The visual effect is one of smearing, with the smearing going from left to right because that is the path of travel of the electron beam. Poor low-frequency response is generally accompanied by excessive phase shift and it is difficult to distinguish between the two. For the serviceman, however, the appearance of the smearing means that the low-end of the system's response curve is at fault and must be corrected. 5. Contrast and Shading: To check the over-all contrast of the test pattern, we have the Indian Head at the top of the center portion of the test pattern. The contrast control should be set so that the head appears pleasantly shaded, being neither so dark that the various shades of white and grey are obscured or so light that the entire image has a filmy, washed-out appearance. As a further aid in checking the receiver contrast range, the remaining two oblique wedges in the test pattern have four different tonal ranges. The innermost section of each wedge is black, with each additional wedge possessing Ii lighter shade of grey. If the transmitter and receiver are both operating normally, then each of the four shading steps should be distinctly separable on the test pattern. If the received pattern does not indicate these four graduations, either the transmitter or the receiver is at fault - the fault in this case being non-linear amplitude distortion of the video amplifiers. Where more than one station is operating locally, check with each station to determine whether their patterns show the proper shading. If all stations appear to have a poor shading in their test patterns then it is safe to assume that the trouble lies within the receiver since it is highly improbable that two or more stations, operating independently, would exhibit the same difficulty. However, if only one station presents a poor shading pattern, while the other test patterns are normal, then the defect lies with the transmitter. To the serviceman, the defect is important only when it arises in the receiver. The trouble, when it is here, can be traced to an improperly biased video-frequency amplifier or a gassy tube in this system.
Fig. 5 - Station test pattern of WBKB, Chicago. 6. Interlacing: There is one final test that can be made with this test chart and this is to determine whether the odd numbered lines are falling properly between the even numbered lines. If, for any reason, the vertical sweep oscillator is not operating properly, the lines of one field will not accurately drop into the spaces between the lines of the previous field. Lines of one field may fall close to or even directly over the lines of the previous field, in which case there is a loss in detail due to this partial pairing of lines. In the test pattern, we check the quality of interlace by examining the narrow diagonal lines in the center portion of the chart. Partial interlacing, which means incomplete interlacing, will be evident by the jagged reproduction of these lines. When there is a complete pairing of lines, or a complete absence of interlacing, then the test fails. In this case, however, the pairing is generally quite easily visible by noting the wide separation between the lines. Since the defect is due to an improperly functioning vertical sweep system, this should be checked.
Fig. 6 - Station test pattern of WNBT, New York . A distinction should be made here between the reduction in vertical resolution due to incomplete interlacing and the same reduction arising from a limited frequency response. A limited frequency response will not cause the diagonal lines to become jagged, whereas poor interlacing will. The foregoing discussion is designed to indicate the usefulness of test patterns to television receiver servicemen. More extensive test patterns are employed in the checking of television transmitters because of the greater number of adjustments that must be made in this equipment. A standard transmitter pattern developed by the RMA Committee on Television Transmitters is shown in Fig. 4. Finally there are individual test patterns developed by each station bearing a few of the markings (in one form or another) contained in the RCA "noscope" pattern and in addition, giving the station call letters. Two such patterns are shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
A General Electric television camera in action with its crew at the U. S. Navy Special Devices Center at Sands Point, Long Island, where the Navy is performing experiments in mass training of personnel by means of telecast lectures and equipment demonstrations. Color and Monochrome (B&W) Television Articles
Posted September 11, 2015 |
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