 Friday 4
Thursday 3
Wednesday 2
Tuesday 1
Monday 30
Sunday 29
 For the sake of avid cruciverbalists
amongst us, each week I create a new crossword puzzle that has a theme related
to engineering, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and other technical words. This
November 29th
Radio &
Radar Crossword Puzzle, as always, contains no names of politicians,
mountain ranges, exotic foods or plants, movie stars, or anything of the sort
unless it/he/she is related to this puzzle's technology theme (e.g., Hedy Lamarr
or the Bikini Atoll). The technically inclined cruciverbalists amongst us will
appreciate the effort. Enjoy!
Friday 27
 National Union Radio
Corporation, located in Orange, New Jersey, had been producing radios since its
formation in 1929 when this Radio Service Data Sheet for its
Model G−619 "Presentation" tabletop set appeared in a 1947 issue of
Radio-Craft magazine. That they survived the Great Depression which began in the
year of their founding is a testament the tenacity of its management, design
staff, and production workers. This 5-tube radio had a very nice mahogany case
with a unique reverse-lettering dial glass plate. A few years ago I posted an
advertisement by Union Radio from a 1945 issue of Radio-Craft appealing
specifically to women engineers and technicians because of the severe shortage
of men available while serving in the armed forces during World War II...
 "Army scientists have developed a first-of-its-kind
antenna that could change how ground vehicles and airborne systems communicate,
transmit, and receive radio frequency communications. The Army matured a manufacturing
process using a special class of engineered materials known as metaferrites to make
an
ultra-thin wideband antenna. The antenna conforms to curved surfaces, making
it ideal to integrate in unmanned aircraft systems, rotary wing aircraft, and ground
vehicles. Said Dr. Philip Perconti, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research
and Technology and Chief Scientist for the Army, 'Our technical experts used their
knowledge in material properties, modeling, and test and evaluation to further advance
these materials..."
 60 years ago, when this article was originally
published in Popular Electronics magazine, most computers were constructed
either of gears or of vacuum tubes. The Univac in the photo below was a breakthrough
for having been
built entirely of transistors. Even with its "compact" size compared to is successor
the ENIAC, the total computational power and programmability was orders of magnitude
less than that of my handheld calculator, whose size is largely dictated not by
the volume of the electronic circuits, but by the size of the display and the need
for input keys larges enough to press reliably. Doesn't the photo of Pascal's calculator
of 1642 look like it could be a modern 19" rack-mount chassis, complete with handles?
 Modelithics, is pleased to announce the release
of version
20.8 of the COMPLETE+3D Library for use with Ansys HFSS. The library contains
over 325 highly scalable Microwave Global Models™ for capacitor, inductor, and resistor
families from many popular vendors, plus a collection of nearly 300 Modelithics'
3D geometry models for inductors, capacitors, filters, packages and connectors.
This library now represents a total of 22,000 individual components with circuit
and/or 3D EM models. Version 20.8 adds nine new part value-, pad-, and substrate
scalable models and over eighty new full wave 3D electromagnetic models. New scalable
circuit models include new models for AVX's MP01...
 Centric RF is a company offering from stock
various RF and Microwave coaxial
components, including attenuators, adapters, cable assemblies, terminations,
power dividers, and more. We believe in offering high performance parts from stock
at a reasonable cost. Frequency ranges of 0-110 GHz at power levels from 0.5-500
watts are available off the shelf. Order today, ship today! Centric RF is currently
looking for vendors to partner with them. Please visit Centric RF today.
Thursday 26
 Amateur radio enthusiasts are very familiar
with
burying ground radials below the surface (or sometimes just laid on top) in
order to increase antenna efficiency by affecting impedance and, more importantly,
the radiation pattern. Long distance (DX) operators generally prefer low launch
angles over high angle "cloud warmers." Pittsburgh's KDKA, the country's first commercial
broadcast radio station, built what would have been the mother of all ground radial
arrays for its time - 360 (one every degree), 700-foot copper wires (8 AWG), for
a total of a quarter million feet! It was laid using a farm tractor drawing a non-motorized
trench cutter that looks like it came straight from the John Deere factory. It also
implemented a new type of passive vertical suppressor element array...
 "According to a recent report published by
Technavio, the
RF Filters Market is poised to grow at a CAGR of over 20% from 2020 to 2024
to reach USD $15.73B. The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current
market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment.
According to the report, the market is fragmented, and the degree of fragmentation
will remain the same during the forecast period. The increase in product launches,
organizational restructuring, M&A, and partnerships help market participants
expand their product portfolios, geographic presence, and distribution networks.
Skyworks Solutions Inc., STMicroelectronics NV, Tai-Saw Technology Co. Ltd., Taiyo
Yuden Co. Ltd., and TDK Corp. are some of the major market participants..."
 Here is a specially-made
Thanksgiving
Day 2020 crossword puzzle compliments of RF Cafe containing a few specific words
commemorating the holiday along with the usual assortment of engineering and science
related words and clues. Thanksgiving is celebrated in America each year on the
fourth Thursday of November in commemoration of the 1621 feast where the Plymouth
colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared a harvest feast. Macy's 91st Thanksgiving
Day Parade occurs on the morning of Friday, November 26th and follows a route along
Central Park West and 6th Avenue. Interestingly, the parade was cancelled during
the World War II years of 1942, 1943, and 1944 in order to conserve much needed
raw materials. This year, 2020, it will be a hollow event with no spectators allowed
along the parade path...
 Since 1961, MECA
Electronics has designed and manufactured an extensive line of
RF & microwave components
for in-building, satellite, radar, radio, telemetry, mobile radio, aviation &
ATC. Attenuators, directional & hybrid couplers, isolators & circulators,
power dividers & combiners, loads, DC blocks, bias-Ts and adapters & cables.
MECA has long been the 'backbone' of high performance wired and air-interfaced networks
such as in-building applications, satellite communications, radar, radio communications,
telemetry applications, mobile radio, aviation & air traffic communications.
Wednesday 25
 Listen to the RF
Cafe Podcast! A November edition of "Mac's
Radio Service Shop" is appropriate given today's date, especially since author
John T. Frye nearly always had the story's setting coincide with the month
in which it appeared in Radio & Television News magazine; the year
was 1951. The unspecified dateline is somewhere in the upper Midwest, most likely
Indiana. Mac's mention of converting a black-and-white television set to color by
installing a "color wheel" really betrays the era. The NTSC (National Television
System Committee) had not yet adopted an industry standard for color TV, and the
various manufacturers were selling a mix of mechanical, electro-mechanical and all-electronic
sets. In 1953, the NTSC settled on a 525-line interlaced scan (only 468 lines are
part of the visible scan). Knowing that a better color system would be available
soon due to massive public demand, Mac put his efforts into talking customers out
of a color conversion...
 Stephen Barthelmes of Triad RF Systems talks
amplified radios, Doherty techniques, SDR, and UAVs with everythingRF. We talk
about everything from amplified radios and Doherty techniques to software defined
radio (SDR) systems and UAVs in an interview with everythingRF this week. everythingRF:
Can you give us a brief history about Triad RF? Stephen Barthelmes: Triad
RF was established in 2010 when the idea for the company began. In 2013, Dave, Dean
and I got together to begin the development of RF products that were underserved
by the market. By bringing the decades of knowledge that we had accumulated together,
we implemented solid processes in sales, design and manufacturing that produced
products that were cutting edge in performance and cost. We also understood the
market pressures for increasing RF power to enhance data transmission while simultaneously
improving overall efficiency. We stepped up to that challenge by creating some of
the most linear and efficient amplifiers in the market...
3D NAND Hits 176 Layers
 "Micron
Technology recently unveiled
176-layer, triple-level-cell (TLC), 3D NAND flash memory with a 30% smaller
die size that employs a new replacement-gate (RG) NAND technology. The chips offer
a 35% read/write latency improvement as well as a 33% increase in transfer rate,
which is now 1600 Mtransfers/s. The chips are actually built from a pair of 88-layer
stacks. When making a 176-layer stack, the challenge is the difficulty in ensuring
uniform construction up and down the stack. The latest chips follow on the heels
of the 128-layer device from Micron, which also employed 3D NAND and 64-layer stacks.
The challenge that RG NAND addresses..."
 Computer modeling of antenna radiation patterns
has evolved from a relatively simple electric field equation that diminishes as
the inverse of the distance from the source, to exotic, highly sophisticated numerical
methods that account for conducting and dielectric surfaces and volumes. A spreadsheet
can be built rather quickly to calculate and graph the free-space azimuth and elevation
e-field patterns for a 1/4-wave whip or a dipole antenna using textbook formulas,
but building a model for displaying the 3D radiation patterns of a cellphone placed
next to a human head, or a UHF radio antenna on top of an aircraft takes some pretty
serious computing power. In large part we owe a debt of gratitude to the Ph.D. types
who have labored hard to make such tools available to us commoners. As with PCB
layout software and circuit simulators, chances of success with a first pass prototype
has increased...
 Sam Benzacar of Anatech Electronics, an RF
and microwave filter company, has published his November newsletter that features
his short op−ed entitled "Do
You Think 5G is Challenging? Meet 6G!," which delves into what can be expected
based on current planning. "Like its predecessor, 6G is more than simply an upgrade
in data rates and capacity, as it will attempt to deliver downstream data rates
up to 1 Tbye/s and operate at frequencies in the so-called sub terahertz region,
just below where lightwave frequencies begin. It will make extensive use of artificial
intelligence and machine learning to enable applications that 5G presumably will
not have been addressed in the next decade." . Also included in the newsletter are
a few industry headlines...
 Anyone who watched the
WKRP in Cincinnati
sitcom back in the 1970s has to remember what was one of the funniest episodes ever.
Here is the 4 minutes that made Prime Time history. In this Thanksgiving episode,
station owner Arthur Carlson decided he would surprise the community with good deed
- that doubled as a promotional stunt for his radio station - by dropping turkeys
from a helicopter for lucky shoppers at the local shopping mall. Watch the disaster
unfold as Les Nessman reports live, and then see Carlson's final comment that is
still used or alluded to in many comic routines. Posting this video is an RF Cafe
tradition. Have a Happy Thanksgiving!
 Triad RF Systems designs and manufactures
RF power amplifiers and systems.
Triad RF Systems comprises three partners (hence 'Triad')
with over 40 years of accumulated knowledge of what is required to design, manufacture,
market, sell and service RF/Microwave amplifiers and amplifier systems. PA, LNA,
bi-directional, and frequency translating amplifiers are available, in formats including
tower mount, benchtop, rack mount, and chassis mount. "We view Triad more as a technology
partner than a vendor for our line-of-sight communications product line." Please
check to see how they can help your project.
Tuesday 24
 Each month Radio-Electronics magazine
ran a column called "'What's New?," which contained a few products recently introduced
to the marketplace, production floor, research laboratory, etc. First up was the
introduction of wire wrapping as announced by Bell Telephone Laboratories a couple
years earlier (see Bell Labs full-page ads in Radio-Electronics and
Radio & Television News in 1953). Wire wrapping is still used today for
quickly prototyping circuits that are not too sensitive to crosstalk and super high
speed. Next was the announcement of a five-transistor pocket radio from a Japanese
company named Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, which you know today as Sony. Heathkit had recently
put out a build-it-yourself analog computer that used 65 vacuum tubes for $750 ($7,342
in 2020 money). A button-hole-size transistor radio was also reported...
 Alliance Test Equipment sells
used / refurbished test
equipment and offers short- and long-term rentals. They also offer repair, maintenance
and calibration. Prices discounted up to 80% off list price. Agilent/HP, Tektronix,
Anritsu, Fluke, R&S and other major brands. A global organization with ability
to source hard to find equipment through our network of suppliers. Alliance Test
will purchase your excess test equipment in large or small lots. Blog posts offer
advice on application and use of a wide range of test equipment. Please visit Allied
Test Equipment today to see how they can help your project.
 "Superconducting
materials are traditionally classed into two types: s-wave and d-wave. A third type,
p-wave, has long been predicted. Now, however, researchers in the U.S., Germany
and Japan say they may have discovered a fourth,
unexpected
type of superconductor: g-wave. The result, obtained thanks to high-precision
resonant ultrasound spectroscopy measurements on strontium ruthenate, could shed
fresh light on the Cooper pairing mechanisms in so-called unconventional superconductors.
In conventional superconductors, electrons join up to form Cooper pairs that then
move through a material without any resistance. While all known superconducting
materials need to be cooled to ultralow temperatures (or placed under extreme pressures)
before their electrons start behaving in this way..."
 Magnetic ceramics have been with us for a
long time - probably forever as far as most people that use them these days are
concerned. When this article was published in a 1953 issue of QST magazine,
ferrites for use at RF frequencies were a new, breakthrough phenomenon. Take a look
at inductors used in vintage radio equipment and you will find either air or solid
iron as the permeable filler elements in most instances. Whereas iron might have
a permeability of 100-150, the new magnetic ceramics exhibited permeabilities up
to 4,000 at 1 MHz, and even higher for lower frequencies. Modern alloys and
compounds provide permeabilities of more than 50,000 for special applications. Such
high values allow physical size and weight of inductors and transformers to be greatly
reduced. Also, since high permeability...
 ConductRF
hand-formable RF coaxial cables are available off the shelf from DigiKey. ConductRF
FM series of Hand Formable RF cable assemblies provides system designers with a
versatile solution that allows RF cables to be physically routed and set in to position
during installation. Standard lengths and connector types feature performance up
to 18 GHz. Low loss, tinned braided cable of 0.086" diameter with shielding
of >100 dB. 100% factory tested for VSWR & insertion loss. RoHS &
Reach compliant. Ideal for internal module linking and great for RF Testing. When
compared to traditional semi-rigid options, these cables can provide increased installation
flexibility at a substantially lower cost. Made in the USA!
 Copper Mountain Technologies develops innovative
and robust RF test and measurement solutions for engineers all over the world. Copper
Mountain's extensive line of unique form factor
Vector Network Analyzers
include an RF measurement module and a software application which runs on any Windows
PC, laptop or tablet, connecting to the measurement hardware via USB interface.
The result is a lower cost, faster, more effective test process that fits into the
modern workspace in lab, production, field and secure testing environments.
Monday 23
 Here in the February 1947 issue of Radio-Craft
magazine is part three of a six-part series on
Antenna Principles. The first two parts concentrated on dipole antennas and
feeders, and multi-element long-line and rhombic antennas. Part three is on directional
arrays and radiation fields. In addition to a bit of theory, real-world examples
are given of various directional antenna configurations along with field strength
graphs. Without powerful computers to calculate and plot out predicted radiation
patterns, a large combination of experience and in-situ measurements was required.
A huge amount of time was spent for even relatively simple arrays. Finitely detailed
topographical and structural models are now available which, along with very precise
electromagnetic field calculation algorithms allows efficient and accurate planning...
 "The first fully integrated single-chip digital
millimeter-wave (mmW) beamformer, created by electrical and computer engineers
at the University of Michigan, opens up new possibilities in high-frequency 5G communications.
The technology could be used to improve vehicle-to-vehicle communication, autonomous
driving, satellite internet, and national defense, to name a few. Beamforming allows
a device that is transmitting signals to point them in a particular direction, as
opposed to having the signals radiate out in all directions - which can lead to
significant interference and loss of efficiency. It is an essential technique for
mmW communication, which occurs at a relatively high frequency (typically between
24 and 100 GHz). This high frequency communication allows for high-speed data
transfer, one of the key advantages of 5G..."
 Lotus Communication Systems began in 2009,
setting up CNC machine shop and RF/microwave assembling and testing lab in Middlesex
Country, Massachusetts. Lotus is committed to highest quality and innovative products.
Each RF/microwave module meets exceedingly
high standards of quality, performance and excellent value, and are 100% MADE IN
USA. Lotus' RF/microwave products cover frequency band up to 67 GHz. Lotus also
offers an COTS shield enclosures for RF/microwave prototyping and production. All
products are custom designed. We will find a solution and save your time and cost.
Lotus has multiple 4 axis CNC machines and LPKF circuit plotters.
 The December 2020 issue of QST magazine
contains an article reprint from the February 1971 issue entitled "A Ham in the People's Paradise*."
It was written by Ham radio operator and
USS
Pueblo sailor Ralph McClintock (K1SCQ) who, along with 82 shipmates, were taken
prisoner by North Vietnam on January 23, 1968. He gave a first-hand account of captivity
that lasted until December 23rd of that year. The following year
Hanoi
Jane had her smiling face photographed while posing atop an anti-aircraft gun
when visiting VC troops, while
John McCain
was still at the Hanoi Hilton.
The USS Pueblo incident is most famous for "The
Digit Affair" where crewmembers routinely gave the middle finger in propaganda
photographs broadcast by the North Vietnamese. The men told their VC captors it
was a Hawaiian good luck symbol - until scumbag TIME magazine published the photos
and explained what they were really doing, resulting in severe punishment of the
men. The media has been traitorous for a long time.
(* login required - find a member to access it for you).
 Triad RF Systems has announced the development
of a dual, bi-directional amplifier that supports 2X2 MIMO radio applications.
Model TTRM2005D is a solid-state-power amplifier (SSPA) that operates at a frequency
of 2,200-2,500 MHz. It is designed for military and commercial use and supports
a variety of signal types, from simple CW/FM signals to complex, highly modulated
carriers such as 64 and 256QAM. The technical features of each channel on this dual
bi-directional amplifier includes a transmit signal gain of 25 dB, a receive
signal gain of 12 dB, a receive signal noise figure of 2.5 dB, and ~20 W
BPSK power x2 (40 W off total RF power). Supply voltage is an ultra-wide 12−30 VDC...
 Atenlab has been operating in Taiwan for
more than a decade, and has sold and installed hundreds chambers around the world.
Holistic, affordable Over-the-Air (OTA) measurement
systems perform comprehensive measurement and test in a controlled environment.
Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) with one-touch operation supports multiple systems
- 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G - and major instrument brands. [M]ulti-probe OTA measurement systems
offer reduced time measurements over single-probe systems.
Sunday 22
 For the sake of avid cruciverbalists amongst
us, each week I create a new crossword puzzle that has a theme related to engineering,
mathematics, chemistry, physics, and other technical words. This November 22nd Engineering
crossword puzzle contains an announcement of the
re-constitution
of the RFCafe.net website which us used to host archival pages that date back
to the early days of RF Cafe (see asterisked * clues). This represents a total of
more than 18,000 pages!!! As always, no names of politicians, mountain ranges, exotic
foods or plants, movie stars, or anything of the sort unless it/he/she is related
to this puzzle's technology theme (e.g., Hedy Lamarr or the Bikini Atoll). The technically
inclined cruciverbalists amongst us will appreciate the effort...
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autodidacts
Operation Chaos
Electronics-Themed
Comics June 1951 Radio-Electronics
 RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
website visits each weekday and about half that on weekends.
RF Cafe is a favorite of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all
over the world. With more than 13,000 pages in the Google search index,
RF Cafe returns in favorable
positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content
is added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough
to spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. I also re-broadcast homepage
items on LinkedIn. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be. Advertising begins at $40/month.
 RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is the next phase in the evolution
of RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you
have never used a spreadsheet quite like this. It is a full-featured RF system cascade
parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere $45.
Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch and
the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 With more than 1000
custom-built symbols, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Symbols available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic drawings!
Every object has been built to fit proportionally on the provided A-, B- and C-size
drawing page templates (or can use your own). Symbols are provided for equipment
racks and test equipment, system block diagrams, conceptual drawings, and schematics.
Unlike previous versions, these are NOT Stencils, but instead are all contained
on tabbed pages within a single Visio document. That puts everything in front of
you in its full glory. Just copy and paste what you need on your drawing. The file
format is XML so everything plays nicely with Visio 2013 and later...
 This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, and Baseball Caps. Choose from amazingly clever "We Are the World's Matchmakers"
Smith chart design or the "Engineer's Troubleshooting Flow Chart." My "Matchmaker's"
design has been ripped off by other people and used on their products, so please
be sure to purchase only official RF Cafe gear. My markup is only a paltry 50¢ per
item - Cafe Press gets the rest of your purchase price. These would make excellent
gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out at company
events or as rewards for excellent service. It's a great way to help support RF
Cafe. Thanks...
 RF Cafe's raison d'être is and always has
been to provide useful, quality content for engineers, technicians, engineering
managers, students, and hobbyists. Part of that mission is offering to post applicable
job openings.. HR department employees
and/or managers of hiring companies are welcome to submit opportunities for posting
at no charge. 3rd party recruiters and temp agencies are not included so as to assure
a high quality of listings. Please read through the easy procedure to benefit from
RF Cafe's high quality visitors...
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 "Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory have begun building a
quantum-enhanced
X-ray microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). This
groundbreaking microscope, supported by the Biological and Environmental Research
program at DOE's Office of Science, will enable researchers to image biomolecules
like never before. NSLS-II is a DOE Office of Science User Facility where researchers
use powerful X-rays to 'see' the structural, chemical, and electronic makeup of
materials down to the atomic scale. The facility's ultrabright light already enables
discoveries in biology, helping researchers uncover the structures of proteins to
inform drug design for a variety of diseases - to name just one example..."
 "IEEE has released the results of a survey
that they conducted with Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and Chief Technology
Officers (CTOs) in the U.S., U.K., China, India and Brazil. The objective of the
survey was to identify the
most important technologies for 2021, understand the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on the speed of their technology adoption and figure out which industries
are expected to be most impacted by technology in the year ahead. Among total respondents,
nearly one-third (32%) say AI and machine learning, followed by 5G (20%) and IoT
(14%). Manufacturing (19%), healthcare (18%), financial services (15%) and education
(13%) are the industries that most believe will be impacted..."
 "Faster, smaller, smarter and more energy-efficient
chips for everything from consumer electronics to big data to brain-inspired computing
could soon be on the way after engineers at The University of Texas at Austin created
the
smallest
memory device yet. And in the process, they figured out the physics dynamic
that unlocks dense memory storage capabilities for these tiny devices. The research
published recently in Nature Nanotechnology builds on a discovery from two years
ago, when the researchers created what was then the thinnest memory storage device.
In this new work, the researchers reduced the size even further, shrinking the cross
section area down to just a single square nanometer..."
 "The search for a superconductor that can
work under less extreme conditions than hundreds of degrees below zero or at pressures
like those near the center of the Earth is a quest for a revolutionary new power
- one that's needed for magnetically levitating cars and ultra-efficient power grids
of the future. But developing this kind of
"room
temperature" superconductor is a feat science has yet to achieve. A University
of Central Florida researcher, however, is working to move this goal closer to realization,
with some of his latest research published recently in the journal Communications
Physics. In the study, Yasuyuki Nakajima, an assistant professor in UCF's Department
of Physics, and co-authors showed they could get a closer look at what is happening
in 'strange' metals..."
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