See Page 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 | of the May 2023 homepage archives. Sunday the 7th
 This custom RF Cafe
electronics-themed crossword puzzle for May 7th contains words and clues which
pertain exclusively to the subjects of electronics, science, physics, mechanics,
engineering, power distribution, astronomy, chemistry, etc. If you do see names
of people or places, they are intimately related to the aforementioned areas of
study. Being that "G" is the 7th letter of the alphabet, it is used as the first
and/or last letter of many words in today's crossword puzzle. As always, you will
find no references to numbnut movie stars or fashion designers. Need more crossword
RF Cafe puzzles? A list at the bottom of the page links to hundreds of them dating
back to the year 2000. Enjoy.
 This assortment of custom-designed themes
by RF Cafe includes T-Shirts, Mouse Pads, Clocks, Tote Bags, Coffee Mugs and Steins,
Purses, Sweatshirts, and Baseball Caps. Choose from amazingly clever "We Are the World's
Matchmakers" Smith chart design or the "Engineer's Troubleshooting Flow Chart."
My "Matchmaker's" design has been ripped off by other people and used on their products,
so please be sure to purchase only official RF Cafe gear. My markup is only a paltry
50¢ per item - Cafe Press gets the rest of your purchase price. These would make
excellent gifts for husbands, wives, kids, significant others, and for handing out
at company events or as rewards for excellent service. It's a great way to help
support RF Cafe. Thanks.
 SF Circuits' specialty is in the complex,
advanced technology of PCB fabrication and assembly, producing high quality multi-layered
PCBs from elaborate layouts. With them, you receive unparalleled technical expertise
at competitive prices as well as the most progressive solutions available. Their
customers request PCB production that is outside the capabilities of normal circuit
board providers. Please take a moment to visit San Francisco Circuits today. "Printed
Circuit Fabrication & Assembly with No Limit on Technology or Quantity."
Friday the 5th
 TGIF; the weekend is just hours away. While
you're waiting for the clock to get to quitting time, spend your final few minutes
enjoying this triplet of
electronics-themed comics that were in the February 1967 issue of Radio-Electronics
magazine. The page 37 comic would probably be one of the last featuring a self-service
vacuum tube tester as solid state TVs and radios were rapidly replacing tube types.
According to Wikipedia, the first Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) went into service
in June of 1967 (in the UK). That means the comic on page 92 was - most likely -
an unintentional preview into a world with ATMs in nearly every entertainment venue,
bank building, grocery and department store, and even government establishments.
Like with telephone cell towers, surveillance cameras, and hypodermic needles on
San Francisco streets, ATMs are everywhere you look nowadays. In-home television
servicemen who often confronted circumstances similar to the page 93 comic must
have gotten a real kick out of that one...
 "The future of audio is silicon. That, at
least, is the pitch from audio company xMEMS, which recently announced the availability
of the world's 'only all silicon,
solid-state fidelity micro speakers.' Designed by xMEMS and produced by Taiwan
Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), the speakers pair the consistency and efficiency
of modern silicon fabrication with unique audio properties that, xMEMS says, traditional
coil speakers can’t match. Brian Lucey, a mastering engineer with credits on nine
Grammy-winning albums, is impressed. “It’s a huge, huge leap in phase accuracy that
we've never heard before,” he tells IEEESpectrum. The company says the audible advantages
of their silicon microspeakers are found in a technical aspect of audio quality
that casual listeners rarely think about: phase distortion. This describes variation
in the timing of low, mid, and high frequencies, and it’s an expected element of
sound reproduction caused by limitations in traditional coil speakers. xMEMS also
benefits from the excellent consistency..."
 Today's
consumer electronics (CE) industry has an estimated value of around $980B per
a Statista report, with projections going to $1,160B in 2028. In 1957, according
to this article in Radio-Electronics magazine, the market value was reported
to be $13.7B ($143B in 2023 dollars per the BLS inflation calculator). The world
population in 1957 was 2.89B and has grown to 7.97B by 2023 (per Census.gov). That
means population increased by a factor of 2.45 while the CE industry grew by a factor
of 3.05. Within the margin of error of marketing expert estimates, that represents
essentially flat growth. Fret not, though, because while the total spending on consumer
electronics per capita might have been flat over a span of nearly 60 years, the
effective cost per electronics product and the vastly improved functionality and
reliability of electronics products has increased by a much larger factor (I won't
even venture a guess at a number). There is also a much greater worldwide participation
in the CE market now, which makes even a flat growth in constant dollars an better
deal...
 This "Wireless
Device Testing Fundamentals"" webinar on May 17th introduces the many components
and characteristics of a modern wireless device that need to be verified before
a commercial launch. It includes an overview of the various test phases (from R&D
to production), plus the types of testing challenges that occur when developing
a modern wireless device. An overview of the key terminology used within the wireless
device test industry, for example: Non-Signaling vs. Signaling & Callbox vs.
Protocol test. In this webinar, you will learn more about: Typical test requirements
from R&D to production Testing challenges for modern wireless devices Key terminology
unique to the wireless device industry...
 If you have been in the RF and microwaves
business for any length of time, you are probably familiar with a company named
Varian. In the days before you did your parts shopping online, Varian catalogs populated
the desks and bookshelves of many RF engineers who worked in the radar field, including
mine. Did you know that it is named after the brothers Russell and Sigurd Varian,
who started the business in 1948 to market their high power
klystron tubes? Following a number of reorganizations, it was purchased by Agilent
technologies in 2010. This story from a 1961 issue of Radio Electronics
magazine does a real nice job explaining the workings of a klystron without getting
too deep into the gory theoretical detail...
/jobs.htm">![Engineering Job Board - RF Cafe]() RF
Cafe's raison d'être is and always has been to provide useful, quality content for
engineers, technicians, engineering managers, students, and hobbyists. Part of that
mission is offering to post applicable /jobs.htm">job openings. HR department employees and/or managers of hiring
companies are welcome to submit opportunities for posting at no charge. 3rd party
recruiters and temp agencies are not included so as to assure a high quality of
listings. Please read through the easy procedure to benefit from RF Cafe's high
quality visitors...
 Anritsu has been a global provider of innovative
communications test and measurement solutions for more than 120 years. Anritsu manufactures
a full line of innovative components and accessories for
RF and Microwave Test and Measurement
Equipment including attenuators & terminations; coaxial cables, connectors &
adapters; o-scopes; power meters & sensors; signal generators; antenna, signal,
spectrum, & vector network analyzers (VNAs); calibration kits; Bluetooth &
WLAN testers; PIM testers; amplifiers; power dividers; antennas. "We've Got You
Covered."
Thursday the 4th
 I suppose if you are in thick fog while
on a boat or, more critically, in an airplane (in the air, of course), then all
forms of navigational aids provide aid and comfort to a pilot. By 1961 when this
article about the
Consolan system was published in Radio-Electronics magazine, the most
common navigational aids were radio direction finding (DF), radio direction and
ranging (radar), long range navigation (Loran), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR),
and dead reckoning [dead reckoning ;-)]. During World War II, the Germans developed
another kind of radio directional broadcast system called "Sonne," their word for
"sun," because of the radial antenna pattern it generated (see plots). English engineers
created a version they called "Consol" ("by the sun"), and then the U.S. implemented
a simpler version dubbed "Consolan" (i.e., Consol army/navy). All three systems
required the navigator to listen for and count the number of dots and dashes during
each broadcast interval, and then look up the corresponding position on a radial
from the transmitter location. Here is the COLSOL and CONSOLAN excerpt from
Radio Navigation Systems for Aviation and Maritime Use...
 The American
Radio Relay League (ARRL), the country's largest organization of amateur radio operators,
is proposing a dues increase - the second time in 22 years. An online
Due Increase Survey has been
established in order to solicit input from ARRL members (you will need to sign in).
Per the website: "No organization likes raising dues, but just like our personal
expenses have gone up over the last few years, so too has the cost of operating
ARRL. We want your input on how ARRL will handle an increase in dues. Start by reading
the
editorial written by ARRL CEO David A. Minster, NA2AA, in the April 2023 issue
of QST magazine." Dues are now $49/year, with options of increasing to as high as
$69/year. Making a print version of QST magazine an additional cost is
also on the table. The survey will remain open until May 31, 2023.
 This is the first of a three-part series
on
radio detector circuits by Mr. Robert Scott. It appeared in the August 1945
issue of Radio-Craft magazine. He begins in this article with describing
diode action and progresses to uses in various types of signal detectors in radio
receivers. A discussion of modulation and distortion sources is included as well.
The strange-looking round schematic symbols are vacuum tubes, which used metallic
elements separated by space as functional elements rather than fused sand containing
traces of impurities. Don't be intimidated, though; just think of them as field
effect transistors (FETs) where the plate is the drain, the grid is the gate, and
the cathode is the source. The next article in the series discusses hi-fidelity
triode detectors; the plate rectifier, infinite-impedance detectors, grid rectification,
and regenerative circuits...
 Axiom Test Equipment, Inc., an electronic
test equipment rental and sales company has published a new blog post entitled "How
to Test Cables & Antennas Together in 2023" that covers how testing antennas
and cables as an integrated assembly can reveal a great deal about how they will
work together within their system. A variety of measurements can help characterize
antennas with cables and some of the latest test tools can deliver those measurements
when and where needed. Diverse types of tests, such as frequency domain reflectometry
(FDR) or time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements, can confirm continuous impedance
in a signal path formed by antennas and cables. These measurements check for reflections
coming along the signal path, using continuous broadband frequency signals in FDR
and pulsed signals in TDR. Test units capable of FDR and TDR measurements can isolate
problems along the antenna/cable signal path, such as loose or worn connectors.
Such measurements can provide information about the distance to a fault...
 Lee de Forest, inventor of the Audion vacuum
tube, created a business called
De Forest Radio Company. This advertisement for his company's electron tubes
appeared in the December 1931 edition of the ARRL's QST magazine. If you
research Lee de Forest, you will find his name spelled in many different forms:
de Forest, De Forest, deForest, DeForest, Deforest, to give a few. When in doubt,
go straight to the source, which in this case is the signature that de Forest
placed on his patent applications - he used "de Forest." Note that the official
company name, according to the advertisement address at the bottom, is "De Forest
Radio Company," (space used) yet the text of the copy uses the form "deForest" (no
space), and the marking on the base of the tube says, "de Forest." Sometimes marketing
companies screw up, so I went searching for a more reliable source - the name given
on the company's stock certificate. Sure enough, "de Forest" was the official
name...
 With more than 1000
custom-built symbols, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Symbols available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic
drawings! Every object has been built to fit proportionally on the provided
A-, B- and C-size drawing page templates (or can use your own). Symbols are provided
for equipment racks and test equipment, system block diagrams, conceptual drawings,
and schematics. Unlike previous versions, these are NOT Stencils, but instead are
all contained on tabbed pages within a single Visio document. That puts everything
in front of you in its full glory. Just copy and paste what you need on your drawing.
The file format is XML so everything plays nicely with Visio 2013 and later...
 Alliance Test Equipment sells
used / refurbished
test equipment and offers short- and long-term rentals. They also offer repair,
maintenance and calibration. Prices discounted up to 80% off list price. Agilent/HP,
Tektronix, Anritsu, Fluke, R&S and other major brands. A global organization
with ability to source hard to find equipment through our network of suppliers.
Alliance Test will purchase your excess test equipment in large or small lots. Blog
posts offer advice on application and use of a wide range of test equipment. Please
visit Allied Test Equipment today to see how they can help your project.
Wednesday the 3rd
 Lots of notable news was breaking in the
March 1963 issue of Radio-Electronics magazine. It seems there were some
claims of FM radio broadcast licensing Gerrymandering that caused the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) to
temporarily halt issuance of new licenses. An unusual report came on having
set a record for "remote electronic repair." It involved figuring out why the Telstar
satellite would not activate after having spent six weeks in Earth orbit. In what
would become standard operational procedure (SOP) for troubleshooting remote outer
space probes (both orbiting and interplanetary), engineers used a duplicate Earth-based
model of the satellite during diagnosis. Read the piece to discover what was done
- pretty ingenious. In other news, people were getting electrocuted in the process
of installing and servicing TV antennas in the presence of high voltage electric
service lines. Common sense seems to evade some people, removing them from the gene
pool...
 Empower RF announces delivery of the model
2241, a
GaN Solid State PA pulse emitter designed for new Radar applications where portability
and extended range are key requirements. Across the operating band of 9 to 10 GHz,
the model 2241 provides over 1000 W peak power in a compact 3U chassis. Flexible
waveform handling is a key feature. The 2241 is capable of long pulses, high duty
cycles, and a derated long pulse mode. The unit is controlled through the front
panel touch screen, M2M SCPI, and peer/Lan connected PC and web browser with no
software to install. The 2241 is suitable for pulse applications in the X-band frequency.
This amplifier utilizes high power GaN on SiC devices that provide wide frequency
response, high gain, high peak power capability, and low distortions. Exceptional
performance, long-term reliability and high efficiency are achieved...
 According to the Transistor Museum website,
"The
Philco Surface Barrier Transistor (SBT) was the 'hottest' transistor around
until the late 1950s. This device performed very well at high frequencies and was
used extensively in radio and computer circuits. Hobbyists were delighted to find
such an inexpensive high frequency device... [Edwin] Bohr authored many well-remembered
transistor construction projects in the 1950s/60s." Many of Bohr's construction
articles featuring SBTs were published in Radio Electronics magazine, and
this was one of them from 1957. The manufacturing process is described where jet
streams of an electrolyte were shot at both sides of the germanium crystal to etch
it as required - Neanderthal in nature compared to today's etching processes...
 "The Red Collection" is a pair of furniture
consignment stores in Greensboro, NC, where we have bought many items over the past
two decades. Nearly all have been vintage wooden furniture in need of restoration
- some a little, and some a lot. Whilst perusing a few months ago, I spied this
Silvertone Model R81 AM / Shortwave console radio, of 1940 vintage. Silvertone
is a line of electronics produced for Sears, Roebuck & Co., for
many decades in the last century. Both the wooden cabinet and the electronics chassis
are in reasonable condition, and will probably take about the same amount of effort
to restore as my 1941 Crosley 03CB console radio. Amazingly, the full set of radio
station call sign labels for installing on the pushbutton fronts were included.
So was the user manual with schematic and parts list, the original sales floor tag,
and a Radio Time Table and Log. A unique feature of this Silvertone R81 console
radio is the "RADIONET" Loop Aerial antenna contained within an oval cylinder inside
the cabinet which can be rotated "to the position that gives clearest reception
and greatest freedom from noise." There is also a shortwave antenna behind a cardboard
panel on the left side of the cabinet. The original price was $160, and then each
month an article goes unsold, the price drops by 10%. After a number of months items
go into a clearance area with price being negotiable. After about four months the
radio was still there. I got it for $35! Patience was definitely a virtue...
 I have never seen study-at-home audio-visual
(AV) physics courses offered by Albert Einstein or AV courses on chemistry promoted
by Ernest Rutherford, but I can now say I have seen study-at-home AV courses offered
by electronics pioneer Lee de Forest. This full-page advertisement for the de Forest's
Training, Inc., company of Chicago, Illinois, appeared in a 1945 edition of
Radio-Craft magazine. The vaunted (at least by the company)
"Syncro-Graphic" training was an early attempt at the paperless classroom. The
student watched films reels of instruction rather than "frequent flipping of pages
to refer back or ahead to illustrations mentioned in text." It would be another
50 years before useful computer-based-training (CBT) courses became available for
home use, but you have to give the "Father of Radio" credit for being ahead of his
time in instruction techniques...
 It was a lot of work, but I finally finished
a version of the "RF & Electronics Schematic & Block Diagram Symbols" that
works well with Microsoft Office™ programs Word™, Excel™, and Power Point™.
This is an equivalent of the extensive set of amplifier, mixer, filter, switch,
connector, waveguide, digital, analog, antenna, and other commonly used symbols
for system block diagrams and schematics created for Visio™. Each of the 1,000 or
so symbols was exported individually from Visio in the EMF file format, then imported
into Word on a Drawing Canvas. The EMF format allows an image to be scaled up or
down without becoming pixelated, so all the shapes can be resized in a document
and still look good. The imported symbols can also be UnGrouped into their original
constituent parts for editing. Check them out!
Reactel has become one of the industry leaders in the design and manufacture
of RF and microwave
filters, diplexers, and sub-assemblies. They offer the generally known tubular,
LC, cavity, and waveguide designs, as well as state of the art high performance
suspended substrate models. Through a continuous process of research and development,
they have established a full line of filters of filters of all types - lowpass,
highpass, bandpass, bandstop, diplexer, and more. Established in 1979. Please contact
Reactel today to see how they might help your project.
Tuesday the 2nd
 Cathodic protection is a major field of
electronics and electrical distribution. It has two primary forms - galvanic and
impressed-current. The goal of each is to negate the electrical current between
dissimilar metals which leads to corrosion. The galvanic method typically uses a
passive sacrificial metal element to dominate the electron migration. An example
is the anode rod inside your hot water heater (HWH). Most people have no idea they
exist and are supposed to be checked regularly and replaced as needed. It's fairly
easy to do, requiring shutting off the water supply and draining the tank below
the level of the top. Once a year, I also open the drain valve at the bottom of
the HWH to rid it of any debris. Impressed-current cathodic protection is more sophisticated
and involves injecting a counter-current in an engineered system to cancel out destructive
currents. This "Cathodic Protection" article from the March 1963 issue of Radio-Electronics
magazine is a good primer for the science behind it...
 "Nagoya University researchers have synthesized
the thinnest-ever BaTiO3 nanosheets at 1.8 nm,
overcoming the 'size effect' issue and retaining ferroelectric properties. This
breakthrough enables the miniaturization of devices and could lead to new properties
and applications. Researchers at the Institute for Future Materials and Systems
at Nagoya University in Japan have successfully synthesized barium titanate (BaTiO3)
nanosheets with a thickness of 1.8 nm, the thinnest thickness ever created
for a free-standing film. Given that thickness is related to functionality, their
findings open the door to smaller, more efficient devices. The research was published
in the journal Advanced Electronic Materials. The development of ever-thinner materials
with new electronic functions is a highly competitive area of research. Such devices
are especially important in ferroelectrics..."
 By 1944, the United States and its Allied
partners were occupied full-time beating back the forces of Communism, Fascism,
Socialism, and many other "isms." A vast majority of active service members were
men who were either training on domestic soil or fighting on foreign soil. That
left sisters, mothers, and grandmothers to conduct a lot of the business and work
production jobs that historically had been the near sole purview of men. Rosie the
Riveter was a very familiar symbol of that new paradigm, while less known and celebrated
were the women who handled building and servicing electronics products. I have posted
many articles that appeared in magazines during World War II showing the various
scenarios in which women contributed mightily to the war effort, even without being
in the trenches and carrying guns. Radio-Craft magazine ran a series of
articles featuring electro-heroine Sally Mason, who applied her technical and creative
prowess in battling tough troubleshooting and repair problems on military and consumer
electronics. The unavailability of replacement parts required a lot of "suitable
substitutes" and jury rigging. At the bottom of the page is a short feature on a
real-world version of "Sally,
the Service Maid..."
 Anatech Electronics offers the industry's
largest portfolio of high-performance standard and customized
RF and microwave filters and filter-related products for military, commercial,
aerospace and defense, and industrial applications up to 40 GHz. Three new
filter models have been introduced - a 2300 to 2900 MHz cavity bandpass filter
(1.0 dB maximum inband insertion loss) with SMA connectors, a 2580 to 2590 MHz
cavity bandpass filter with N connectors, and a 2140 MHz cavity notch filter
with SMA connectors. Custom RF power filter and directional couplers designs can
be designed and produced with required connector types when a standard cannot be
found, or the requirements are such that a custom approach is necessary...
 Signal multiplexing was originally performed
using a rotating mechanical device with commutator contacts. Such a contraption
suffered from a number of limitations including contact wear, noise, speed, size
and weight. Probably the most limiting were contact wear and switching speed. Bulk
could be accommodated because back then everything was bulky. Standard vacuum tube
switches were eventually used to build multiple (n) input / multiple (m) output
switching circuits, but the space needed to contain them grew exponentially with
the n x m matrix. Bell Telephone Systems, which played a huge part in the advancement
of primarily wired communications systems, developed a "radial-beam
tube" that used a magnetic field to steer the electron flow between opposing
sets of anodes and cathodes. Steering circuits controlled the position of the electron
beam within the tube. Since there were no moving parts, many of the drawbacks of
mechanical systems were eliminated...
RF Cascade Workbook is the next phase in the evolution of
RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have
never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system
cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere
$45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch
and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 Aegis Power Systems is a leading supplier
of AC-DC and
DC-DC power supplies for custom and special applications. Aegis has been designing
and building highly reliable custom power supplies since 1995. They offer a complete
line of switch mode power supplies and power converters for a variety of markets
including defense, industrial, aircraft, VME, and telecom. Supports military, aircraft,
EV, telecom, and embedded computing applications. Design and manufacture of custom
power supply solutions to meet each customer's exacting specifications. Please visit
Aegis Power Systems today. Manufactured in the USA.
Monday the 1st
 Your search is finally over. That "TV
Frequency & Marker Chart" you've been having such a hard time finding is
right here in black and white. That's right, now while you are tuning that VHF /
UHF television for the best possible reception of both audio and video, simply cross
reference the channel number with the corresponding audio carrier and video carrier
frequencies and you're good to go. Be sure to have your test probe at the proper
"looker point" in the circuit, or you might be tuning for the wrong waveform. Thank
Radio-Electronics magazine for the favor. Of course I'm kidding; almost nobody needs
this kind of information anymore. But, there are still a few hobbyists who restore
and service those old sets. By the way, I don't ever recall hearing of the term
"looker point" when referring to a test point. You?
 "Today's world relies heavily on communication
technologies, with nearly every industry sector, economy, and daily operations embracing
wireless and mobile devices. From banking to agriculture to transportation and healthcare,
telecom and communications play a vital role in keeping everything and everyone
connected. It's been 15 years since the introduction of LTE, which became a staple
of wireless communication around the globe. It's helped pave the way for next-gen
communications standards such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6/E. None of the fast data throughputs
would be possible if
antenna technologies didn't evolve alongside the mobile devices we rely on daily.
The latest antennas can take advantage of the higher frequency ranges required for
4G/LTE, 5G, and even the 6G standard expected to launch by 2030..."
 While this article is directed at amateur
radio operators who want to explore working in the microwave bands, it is good fodder
for anyone who wants a fundamental introduction to
waveguides, resonant cavities, distributed elements, and atmospheric propagation.
If that describes you, and particularly if you have formulaphobia, then start reading.
Even though the article appeared in a 1952 issue of Radio & Television News,
the list of frequency band allocations are not much different than today so the
information is useful. Unknown to many is that in the early part of the last century
Amateurs pioneered the use of microwave bands when the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) allocated the spectrum to them since many "experts" considered it unusable...
 Dr. Inder J. Bahl's latest book from Artech
House, "Lumped
Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits," is fully updated and including entirely
new chapters, this Second Edition provides in-depth coverage of the different types
of RF and microwave circuit elements, including inductors, capacitors, resistors,
transformers, via holes, air bridges, and crossovers. Featuring extensive formulas
for lumped elements, design trade-offs, and an updated and current list of references,
the book helps you understand the value and usefulness of lumped elements in the
design of RF, microwave and millimeter wave components and circuits. You'll find
a balanced treatment between standalone lumped elements and their circuits using
MICs, MMICs and RFICs technologies. You'll also find detailed information on a broader
range RFICs that was not available when the popular first edition was published.
The book captures - in one consolidated volume - the fundamentals, equations, modeling,
examples, references and overall procedures to design, test and produce microwave
components that are indispensable in industry and academia today...
 Here is a fairly simple
quiz on AC circuit analysis that appeared in the December 1970 issue of
Popular Electronics magazine. If you are not already comfortable with adding
series and parallel circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors, you
will appreciate the simple formula presented that will keep the sweat level down
;-) . An even simpler form that solves explicitly for the four variables are
as follows:
VTotal = √ [(VL - VC)2 + VR2]
VR = √ [(VT)2 - (VL - VC)2]
VL = VC + √ [VT2 - VR2]
VC = VL - √ [VT2 - VR2]
OK, pick up your pencils
and begin ... now.
 New Scheme rotates
all Banners in all locations on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
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of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more
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in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be.
 Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation (BNC) is
a leading manufacturer of precision electronic instrumentation for test, measurement,
and nuclear research. Founded in 1963, BNC initially developed custom pulse generators.
We became known for meeting the most stringent requirements for high precision and
stability, and for producing instruments of unsurpassed reliability and performance.
We continue to maintain a leadership position as a developer of custom pulse, signal,
light, and function generators. Our designs incorporate the latest innovations in
software and hardware engineering, surface mount production, and automated testing
procedures.
These archive pages are provided in order to make it easier for you to find items
that you remember seeing on the RF Cafe homepage. Of course probably the easiest
way to find anything on the website is to use the "Search
RF Cafe" box at the top of every page.
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