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Television development was
a distant memory for most people during the dark days of
World War II. Germany's
forces launched its second siege of the 20th century against Europe in Fall of 1939.
By January of 1945, even the Brits were beginning to feel confident that the seemingly
endless days of World War II were about to come to an end. Hitler's forces
had been beaten back from its massive sprawl across Europe and into northern Africa.
Eisenhower's D-Day campaign six months
earlier had broken the back - and much of the will - of German forces. The
Battle of Leyte Gulf
shortly thereafter severely damaged Japanese naval forces. Slowly but surely improvements
were made in TV camera, broadcast, and local viewing technology in spite of the
severe restrictions placed on component and manpower availability, both in the UK
and in the U.S. John Logie
Baird was England's most famous television pioneer, having developed the first
practical broadcast system. His accomplishments were reported in this January 1945
edition of Radio News. Mr. Baird died the next year at age 57.
Television in Great Britain
By Leon Laden London. England
Mr. Baird's first demonstration of television in color and stereoscopic
relief.
Lattice television mast at the Alexandra Palace with for vision
(top) and sound (bottom) aerial arrays, with a signal carrier range of over 50 miles.
Colored stereoscopic television, as a result of John Logie Baird's latest invention,
the Telechrome, may become an outstanding feature of the postwar British television
industry.
A blueprint of postwar television, a sort of television Magna Charta, is now
being worked out by Britain's leading radio engineers, scientists, and manufacturers
serving on the Government Television Advisory Committee,1 appointed over
a year ago, to consider postwar development of television and advise the Postmaster-General
on future requirements.
This Committee already has taken evidence from representatives of the BBC scientists,
engineers, manufacturers, cinema and studio proprietors, and other bodies concerned
with the future of the industry. It can also be divulged, authoritatively, that
the Committee's findings and recommendations are expected to be made public within
a very short time.
Till then, however, the road along which the British television industry will
travel in the postwar period of its development or the signposts by which it will
be guided remain, necessarily, unconfirmed.
This contingency equally applies to the type of domestic receiver which will
make its appearance on the home and export markets and to the type of television
station that will transmit the outgoing programs.
The BBC's Post War Plans
No official yardstick, therefore, exists for the measurement of the BBC's future
television development and no statement on their peacetime policy has been authorized,
thus far, by either Mr. W. J. Haley, the new Director-General or Sir Noel Ashbridge,
Deputy Director-General in charge of Engineering.
Nevertheless, it is regarded as a certainty that the television service, closed
down on the 1st of September, 1939, will be on the air again soon after the termination
of hostilities, though in what form it is extremely difficult to predict, especially
since the BBC's Charter2 is due for renewal at the end of 1946, and much
water has flowed under the bridge since the Charter was granted over 21 years ago.
In spite of this, however, it is reliably reported that far-reaching plans for
the strengthening of the BBC's service are completed which call for the erection
of a super "Radio City" in the center of the British capital, incorporating the
entire broadcasting system and controlling every phase of its complex and ever-growing
work.
This new broadcasting nerve-center - for which building sites became available
when the tenement flats adjoining Broadcasting House were destroyed by enemy action
- will contain repertory theaters with a seating capacity for many thousands, big
concert and opera halls, and provision for television studios, control rooms, and
equipment.
Imaginative television programs providing a wide and varied pattern selection
of entertainment, information, and education to the people of this country, will
be produced in the "Radio City" and put on the air (as before the war) by the Alexandra
Palace transmitting station, linked with it by special coaxial cables.
A similar cable-route network will connect, in turn, Alexandra Palace with regional
relay transmitting stations in such centers of population as Manchester, Birmingham,
Newcastle, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, a chain of highly directive automatic relay stations
catering for the more sparsely populated areas.
It is estimated that this nationwide network, stretching from Land's End to John
o' Groats, and extending the range of television broadcasting to Britain's population
of some 45 million, will be completed within less than five years after the war's
end.
This outline is regarded to constitute the long-term policy of the BBC and also
comprise provision for color-television transmissions.
For the intervening span of time, the BBC plans to put into operation a less
costly and ambitious scheme consisting of high definition television, unchanged
in essentials from the pre- 1939 service; the higher standards will be introduced
by a "staggering" process as the super Radio City grows, the gargantuan network
strengthens its complex web of tentacles across the land, and the infant service
matures.
John Logie Baird shown with his color-television equipment, employing
the newly-designed Telechrome tube.
Black and White Versus Color
Amazing as the development of television may have been in the fifteen years of
its existence as a public service, it generally is agreed, nevertheless, that many
unchartered possibilities still will have to be explored before colored television
can seriously challenge black and white.
Mr. John Logie Baird has done more than anyone else to put color television on
the map and was the first to hit upon the brilliant idea of combining the antiquated
Victorian stereoscope with the familiar conception of the existence of three primary
colors (red, green, blue) in the visible light spectrum.
The information this 56-year-old television pioneer imparted to the author was
well worth the trip to the small country town where he has been living since his
London home was hit by a flying bomb.
"I am most optimistic about the possibilities of color television," Mr. Baird
said, and then he proceeded to paint a vivid picture of the revolutionary changes
television, and particularly color and stereo television, was about to effect in
our daily lives.
Perhaps the most interesting and significant features of it are associated with
the vast range of fresh opportunities which would be provided for the entertainment,
information, and education of the people while in their own homes.
But the highest place among the notable accomplishments of Britain's best-known
television authority belongs to his latest invention, the "Telechrome."
This excellent piece of new equipment was demonstrated last month to a small
gathering of members of the press. It has focused the attention of those interested
in television developments once more on colored stereoscopy, which possesses greater
possibilities than black and white and promises to become the outstanding feature
of the postwar British television industry.
In describing the Telechrome the inventor revealed that for the first time he
had perfected a cathode-ray tube capable of reproducing on the screen a coherent
picture of 600-lines in natural colors and stereoscopic depth without the aid of
intermediate filters.
"By utilizing a new form of scanning," Mr. Baird stated, "every line in the picture
is reproduced instantaneously and in the color it actually occurs. The revolving
discs and lenses which prevented the colored image from appearing directly upon
the fluorescent screen of the tube and made colored stereo television less efficient
and silent than black and white, have been eliminated."
The Telechrome already has been used with very good results, and stereo television
without the previously necessary colored glasses, now a visible practicability,
opens up an entirely new prospect for television.
Fig. 1 - Telechrome tube construction: (A) for two-color
effect; and (B) for three color.
In Mr. Baird's opinion, however, there is not much likelihood that this broadcasting
medium would become available to the British public immediately after the war is
brought to an end in Europe or the Far East.
Another invention, on which he had been at work since the beginning of 1941,
was also mentioned by Mr. Baird.
"It is a special type of facsimile apparatus for automatic operation in connection
with the sending of telegrams, enabling enormous speeds to be obtained in the handling
and dispatching of cables," was the way its inventor described the apparatus, adding
that it was based on "a novel method of transmitting messages by television and
recording them photographically on a moving band."
The details of construction and operation of this new electronic device were
not revealed, however, owing to the wartime embargo on technical inventions which
may benefit the enemy.
Mr. Baird concluded this most interesting and informative conversation by presenting
the copy of a book entitled (eloquently) "Television-Today and Tomorrow" to which
he had contributed the foreword, and drew my attention to an account of one of his
earliest demonstrations of television in London, written in September, 1926, by
a special correspondent of Radio News (described in the book as "America's foremost
radio journal").
The account read as follows: "Mr. Baird has definitely and indisputably given
a demonstration of real television. It is the first time in history that this has
been done in any part of the world."
"This early testimony to practical television was the first to appear in print
in the United States, I think," were the last words of the man who has now added
another chapter to the history of television.
Postwar Plans of Manufacturers and Engineers
In talking to manufacturers of television equipment, one gathers that not color
and stereoscopy but economy (in materials) and simplicity (in design) will be the
keynotes of the postwar British television receiver.
"Premarketing tests show that an extensive market exists for an efficient and
fairly cheap television receiver," a member of the British Radio Manufacturers'
Association - the most powerful body in the radio industry - explained, adding that
he did not expect color television sets to be put into mass production before their
process of manufacture could be made as cheap and efficient as that of the black
and white ones.
Wartime view of camouflaged broadcasting house, London, showing
several antenna arrays and belt of concrete encircling ground floor as protection
against bomb blasts.
It is emphasized further by the manufacturers that they have spent large sums
on improving pre-1939 models and laying plans for the manufacture of these by mass
production methods at a reasonable price as soon as essential materials are released
and the official 'go ahead' is given. These moneys they maintain, would have to
be written off as a dead loss to the industry if overnight novel methods of transmission
were to be introduced, instead of gradually over a number of years. This applies
in their opinion, equally to the introduction of FM as well as to color and stereoscopy.
The British radio engineers share the manufacturers' view that this country's
peacetime television industry will be dominated more by economic than technical
factors, but suggest that in addition to black and white broadcasting for domestic
use, provision should be made for an alternative service of color television programs
for cinemas.
Regarding sound transmission, the engineers think it would be expedient to retain
prewar amplitude modulation for the London service in addition (or supplementary)
to frequency or pulse modulation, if and when either of these are introduced.
These views are expressed in a report submitted by the British Institution of
Radio Engineers to Lord Hankey, chairman of the Government's Television Advisory
Committee.
Among their other proposals of interest are recommendations for the formation
of a Radio Research Institute to study postwar possibilities in the ultra-high-frequency
spectrum, the adoption of cooperative research methods in the television industry,
and the standardization of domestic television receiver circuits. The report also
endorses the BBC's monopoly of television and the Government's control over available
wavebands.
It stresses, too, that "serious consideration should be given to better utilization
of the 4-mcs. bandwidth by making use of vestigial sideband transmission and also
to increasing the number of lines to that which is optimum for the increased modulation
bandwidth." Tentative figures proposed are 525-lines (gross, interlaced) and 3.25-mcs.
modulation frequency.
In general, the B.I.R.E. advocates "a television service broadly of a prewar
character, having characteristics in common with 1939 standards," and "a conservative
policy regarding the assignment of new frequencies."
In concluding, the Institution reminds the chairman of the Television Committee
that television is "the radio product that probably will be of the utmost importance
commercially, as judged by the immediate volume of business."
Postwar Applications Equipment
In spite of predictions that television may doom the motion picture theater,
the British film industry expects television's advent to boost cinema-going. At
least that is the opinion of Mr. Oliver Bell, the director of the British Film Institute
and Vice-Chairman of the British Councils' Films Committee.
"People get far more kick out of being in a large company at the movies than
looking at television in a small group round the fireside. Besides, you cannot pick
and choose as much with a television program transmitted from a broadcasting station
as you can at a movie theater which runs a continuous performance. Rather, it will
add attraction to the cinema in somewhat similar fashion as the Wurlitzer," this
cinema expert stated.
The British film industry is confident about the future. Elaborate plans have
been prepared for the alignment of the postwar cinema with television by at least
one leading British company of cinema-equipment makers and will be implemented as
soon as conditions are favorable. An official of the company concerned said that
they were prepared to risk their money to effect the cinema and television tie-up
and that they already had largely solved the multitude of technical problems connected
with the installation and operation of equipment in cinemas.
It appears, therefore, that the British cinema of tomorrow will be a "Telema,"
linked by coaxial cables with the transmitting station or central studio and equipped
with apparatus picking-up on prearranged wavelengths "live" television films and
"hot" news items. These will be actual occurrences televised on-the-spot and projected
onto huge viewers for the entertainment and information of the audience.
Another of the uses to which television equipment is to be put is crime detection,
the extensive employment of miniature television pick-up and projection apparatus
having been recommended by the British Home Office Committee on Postwar Development
of the Police to Mr. Herbert Morrison, the British Home Secretary.
This report calls for the training of selected constables in the operation and
maintenance of television equipment and the building of special projection theaters
where police officials can study televised films of scenes of crimes and life-size
replicas of known criminals.
Fifty-six year old John Logie Baird, holding his latest invention,
the Telechrome. This tube has a 10-inch diameter disc screen of thin mica, coated
blue-green on one side and orange-red on the other.
In view of these recommendations, as well as of the progress in television devices,
the time may not be far off, one London "Bobby" intimated when he hoped to be reclining
in a comfortable swing-chair in the viewing room of the police station and keeping
a televised "eye" on the welfare of the law-abiding citizen in the capital of the
British Empire.
Television, it is taken for granted over here, also holds much promise in store
for the expansion of Britain's postwar production capacity, although the industrial
branch of television engineering in this country, like in the United States, is
at present still in its infancy and the application of television devices to speed
up industrial processes is regarded as a laboratory day-dream.
Some idea of the shape of things to come, however, can be gauged by the fact
that variations of Zworykin's original Iconoscope are already being used for quality
control and routine inspection in several branches of the chemical industry.
It is anticipated, that these and most of the other "hush-hush" applications
which were the outcome of wartime research, will be revealed at the time of the
changeover from war to peace production.
Still another phase of television, which may be expected to benefit by the lifting
of wartime restrictions is the work of the British television amateur.
The British television "ham" had just about managed to elbow his way into the
short-wave fraternity and was still struggling for official recognition when the
outbreak of hostilities sounded the knell.
According to Mr. Geoffrey Parr, the secretary of the British Television Society,
this country's 400 television experimenters affiliated to his society are hopeful
about future developments.
Nevertheless, what the lot of the television "ham" will be after the return to
normal conditions in the wavelength spectrum or which, if any, bands of frequencies
will be allocated to him, remains a source of specula-tion as long as the Television
Advisory Committee's report continues to be held in abeyance.
In assessing current opinion about this country's television future in the transitional
and postwar periods, one gathers the impression, with some justification, that among
the developments which may be expected is the replacement of the present-day radio
set by the pre-1939 television receiver, fundamentally unchanged, in the British
home within a year or two after the last restrictions have gone; in what quality
or at what cost, however, there is no means of knowing at this stage.
Furthermore, it appears to be fairly certain, too, that after the elapse of another
few years, say somewhere around 1950, this black and white television receiver will
be ousted, in turn, by a receiver giving three-dimensional pictures in real color.
1 The equivalent of the U.S. Radio Technical Planning Board.
2 The BBC is a public corporation operating under Royal Charter and responsible
to the British Parliament.
Posted June 26, 2023
(updated from original post
on 10/23/2014)
Color and Monochrome (B&W) Television
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