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Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit zero
electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields when cooled below a
certain temperature, called the critical temperature (Tc). At Tc, the material
undergoes a phase transition and enters a superconducting state.
Superconductivity was first discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh
Onnes in 1911. Since then, scientists have discovered various types of
superconductors, including conventional, high-temperature, and topological
superconductors.
Superconductivity has numerous practical applications, such as in MRI
machines, particle accelerators, power transmission, and magnetic levitation
trains. However, the practical applications of superconductivity are limited by
the need for extremely low temperatures to achieve the superconducting state.
Room temperature superconductivity: As September 2021, the highest
temperature at which superconductivity has been observed was around 15 degrees
Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit) at ambient pressure, achieved by a team of
researchers at the University of Rochester and the University of Nevada, Las
Vegas, using a material composed of carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen known as
carbonaceous sulfur hydride. This was a significant breakthrough in the field of
superconductivity, as it represented a considerable increase in the temperature
at which superconductivity can be observed.
However, it is important to note that this material was only superconducting
at extremely high pressures, in excess of 267 gigapascals (GPa), which is over
two million times the atmospheric pressure at sea level. Therefore, it is not
yet feasible to use this material in practical applications, and further
research is needed to develop superconductors that can operate at high
temperatures and lower pressures.
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